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  1. Substitution elasticities between capital, labour, material, electricity and fossil fuels in German producing and service sectors
    Author: Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 2000
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    In this paper, substitutional relationships between capital, labour, material, electricity, and fossil fuels in German producing and service sectors are estimated using a translog cost function. Estimates are based on a pooled time-series... more

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    In this paper, substitutional relationships between capital, labour, material, electricity, and fossil fuels in German producing and service sectors are estimated using a translog cost function. Estimates are based on a pooled time-series cross-sectional data sample for the period 1978-90 and nearly 50 sectors reported by the national account statistics. Results indicate that, except for the service sectors, own-price elasticities of all factor demands are below 0.5 (in absolute terms). In terms of the Morishima elasticity of substitution, labour and capital are substitutes in all sectors. Labour is generally a substitute for electricity, but not for fossil fuels. Results also support the hypothesis of capitalenergy substitutability and that the German economy is characterised by a nonhomothetic, non-constant-returns-to-scale production function. Substitution elasticities between input aggregates are estimated based on the nesting structure which underlies the computable general equilibrium model GEM-E3. Testing for weak homothetic separability restrictions, however, yields that input aggregation is allowed only in particular cases. Simulations with the GEM-E3 model demonstrate that the impacts of an ecological tax reform respond to a variation of substitution elasticities, but, all in all, the model proves to be relatively stable within a plausible range of values.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Array ; 00-31
    Subjects: Faktorsubstitution; Substitutionselastizität; Kapital; Arbeit; Elektrizität; Fossile Energie; Schätzung; Deutschland; Translog cost function; Ökosteuer; Steuerwirkung; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Deutschland
    Scope: 37 S, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 35 - 37

    Auch im Internet unter der Adresse ftp://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp0031.pdf verfügbar
  2. Technologischer Wandel in der Titandioxid-Industrie
    eine empirische Untersuchung der Folgewirkungen von Umweltgesetzen
    Author: Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 1994
    Publisher:  Univ., Wirtschaftswiss. Fak., Heidelberg

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    DDC Categories: 330; 380; 650; 670
    Series: Diskussionsschriften / Universität Heidelberg, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät ; Nr. 210
    Subjects: Chemische Industrie; Umweltschutz; Innovation
    Other subjects: (stw)Chemieindustrie; (stw)Umweltschutz; (stw)Innovation; (stw)Welt; (stw)Deutschland; (stw)USA; Arbeitspapier; Graue Literatur; Buch
    Scope: 29 S., graph. Darst., 30 cm
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 27 - 29
  3. Climate change policy and burden sharing in the European Union
    applying alternative equity rules to a CGE framework
    Author: Schmidt, Tobias F. N.; Koschel, Henrike
    Published: [1998]
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

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  4. Modelling of foreign trade in applied general equilibrium models
    theoretical approaches and sensitivity analysis with the GEM-E3 model
    Author: Koschel, Henrike; Schmidt, Tobias F. N.
    Published: [1998]
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    DDC Categories: 330; 380; 650; 670
    Series: Discussion paper ; No. 98,08 : Environmental economics and environmental management
    Subjects: Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Welthandel; Weltwirtschaft; Offene Volkswirtschaft; Umweltökonomie; Umweltsteuer; Steuerreform; Theorie; Europäische Union ; Umweltsteuer ; Emissionsverringerung
    Other subjects: (stw)Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; (stw)Internationale Wirtschaft; (stw)Offene Volkswirtschaft; (stw)Umweltökonomik; (stw)Ökosteuer; (stw)Steuerreform; (stw)Theorie; (stw)EU-Staaten; Arbeitspapier; Graue Literatur
    Scope: 51 S., 21 cm
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 49 - 51
  5. Substitution elasticities between capital, labour, material, electricity and fossil fuels in German producing and service sectors
    Author: Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 2000
    Publisher:  Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, Mannheim

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  6. Technologischer Wandel in der Titandioxid-Industrie
    eine empirische Untersuchung der Folgewirkungen von Umweltgesetzen
    Author: Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 1994
    Publisher:  Univ., Wirtschaftswiss. Fak., Heidelberg

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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Diskussionsschriften / Universität Heidelberg, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät ; 210
    Subjects: Chemieindustrie; Umweltschutz; Innovation; Welt; Deutschland; USA
    Scope: 29 S, Tab., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 27 - 29
  7. Substitution elasticities between capital, labour, material, electricity and fossil fuels in German producing and service sectors
    Author: Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 2000
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    In this paper, substitutional relationships between capital, labour, material, electricity, and fossil fuels in German producing and service sectors are estimated using a translog cost function. Estimates are based on a pooled time-series... more

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    In this paper, substitutional relationships between capital, labour, material, electricity, and fossil fuels in German producing and service sectors are estimated using a translog cost function. Estimates are based on a pooled time-series cross-sectional data sample for the period 1978-90 and nearly 50 sectors reported by the national account statistics. Results indicate that, except for the service sectors, own-price elasticities of all factor demands are below 0.5 (in absolute terms). In terms of the Morishima elasticity of substitution, labour and capital are substitutes in all sectors. Labour is generally a substitute for electricity, but not for fossil fuels. Results also support the hypothesis of capitalenergy substitutability and that the German economy is characterised by a nonhomothetic, non-constant-returns-to-scale production function. Substitution elasticities between input aggregates are estimated based on the nesting structure which underlies the computable general equilibrium model GEM-E3. Testing for weak homothetic separability restrictions, however, yields that input aggregation is allowed only in particular cases. Simulations with the GEM-E3 model demonstrate that the impacts of an ecological tax reform respond to a variation of substitution elasticities, but, all in all, the model proves to be relatively stable within a plausible range of values.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Array ; 00,31
    Subjects: Faktorsubstitution; Substitutionselastizität; Kapital; Arbeit; Elektrizität; Fossile Energie; Schätzung; Deutschland; Translog cost function; Ökosteuer; Steuerwirkung; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Deutschland
    Scope: 37 S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 35 - 37

    Auch im Internet unter der Adresse ftp://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp0031.pdf verfügbar
  8. Substitution Elasticities between Capital, Labour, Material, Electricity and Fossil Fuels in German Producing and Service Sectors
    Author: Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 2000
    Publisher:  Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, Mannheim

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  9. Climate Change Policy and Burden Sharing in the European Union - Applying alternative equity rules to a CGE-framework
    Author: Schmidt, Tobias F. N.; Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, Mannheim

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  10. Modelling of Foreign Trade in Applied General Equilibrium Models: Theoretical Approaches and Sensitivity Analysis with the GEM-E3 Model
    Author: Koschel, Henrike; Schmidt, Tobias F. N.
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, Mannheim

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  11. Substitution elasticities between capital, labour, material, electricity and fossil fuels in German producing and service sectors
    Author: Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 2000
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    In this paper, substitutional relationships between capital, labour, material, electricity, and fossil fuels in German producing and service sectors are estimated using a translog cost function. Estimates are based on a pooled time-series... more

    Location:
    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    DS 15 (2000,31)
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    In this paper, substitutional relationships between capital, labour, material, electricity, and fossil fuels in German producing and service sectors are estimated using a translog cost function. Estimates are based on a pooled time-series cross-sectional data sample for the period 1978-90 and nearly 50 sectors reported by the national account statistics. Results indicate that, except for the service sectors, own-price elasticities of all factor demands are below 0.5 (in absolute terms). In terms of the Morishima elasticity of substitution, labour and capital are substitutes in all sectors. Labour is generally a substitute for electricity, but not for fossil fuels. Results also support the hypothesis of capitalenergy substitutability and that the German economy is characterised by a nonhomothetic, non-constant-returns-to-scale production function. Substitution elasticities between input aggregates are estimated based on the nesting structure which underlies the computable general equilibrium model GEM-E3. Testing for weak homothetic separability restrictions, however, yields that input aggregation is allowed only in particular cases. Simulations with the GEM-E3 model demonstrate that the impacts of an ecological tax reform respond to a variation of substitution elasticities, but, all in all, the model proves to be relatively stable within a plausible range of values.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/24377
    Series: ZEW discussion paper ; no. 00-31
    Subjects: Faktorsubstitution; Substitutionselastizität; Kapital; Arbeit; Elektrizität; Fossile Energie; Schätzung; Deutschland; Translog cost function
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Empirical macromodels under test
    a comparative simulation study of the employment effects of a revenue neutral cut in social security contributions
    Author: Buscher, Herbert S.; Buslei, Hermann; Göggelmann, Klaus; Koschel, Henrike; Ramb, Fred; Schmidt, Tobias F. N.; Steiner, Viktor; Winker, Peter
    Published: November 1998
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    In the paper we simulate a revenue-neutral cut in the social security contribution rate using five different types of macro- / microeconomic models, namely two models based on time-series data where the labour market is modelled basically demand... more

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    DS 15 (1998,40)
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    In the paper we simulate a revenue-neutral cut in the social security contribution rate using five different types of macro- / microeconomic models, namely two models based on time-series data where the labour market is modelled basically demand oriented, two models of the class of computable equilibrium models which are supply oriented and finally a firm specific model for international tax burden comparisons. Our primary interest is in the employment effects the models predict due to the cut in the contribution rate. It turns out that qualitatively all models considered predict an increase in employment three years after the cut. But the employment effects differ considerably in magnitude, which follows immediately from the different behavioral assumptions underlying the different models. In dem Beitrag wird der Beschäftigungseffekt infolge einer aufkommensneutralen Senkung der Sozialversicherungsbeiträge simuliert. Zu diesem Zweck werden fünf unterschiedliche ökonomische Modelle verwendet, namentlich zwei Modelle, die auf Zeitreihendaten aufbauen und in denen der Arbeitsmarkt überwiegend von der Nachfrageseite dominiert wird, zwei Modelle aus der Klasse der computable equilibrium models, die typischerweise angebotsorientiert sind, und ein mikroökonomisches, firmenspezifisches Steuerbelastungsvergleichsmodell. Alle Simulationsergebnisse der Modelle weisen auf einen, wenngleich teilweise kleinen, positiven Beschäftigungseffekt hin, der sich allerdings beträchtlich in seiner Größenordnung unterscheidet. Dies ist eine unmittelbare Folge aus den unterschiedlichen Verhaltensannahmen, die den einzelnen Modellen unterliegen.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/24283
    Edition: Preliminary version
    Series: ZEW discussion paper ; no. 98-40
    Subjects: Sozialversicherungsbeitrag; Steuerpolitik; Wirkungsanalyse; Beschäftigungseffekt; Makroökonometrie; Deutschland
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten)
  13. Modelling of foreign trade in applied general equilibrium models
    theoretical approaches and sensitivity analysis with the GEM-E3 model
    Author: Koschel, Henrike; Schmidt, Tobias F. N.
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    The specification of the world closure, i.e. the way of closing the domestic economy model by incorporating the external sector, is a crucial component for those models in which production and consumption is not specified endogenously for all... more

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    The specification of the world closure, i.e. the way of closing the domestic economy model by incorporating the external sector, is a crucial component for those models in which production and consumption is not specified endogenously for all countries. This paper looks explicitly at the assumptions concerning the trade behaviour of the rest of the world that can be found in literature and in empirical applications, such as the GEM-E3 General Equilibrium Model for the EU. Starting from a description of the closure rule in the actual GEM-E3 model version, two main changes in the foreign trade specification are proposed and tested using an EU-wide ecological tax reform scenario. The first change refers to the rest of the world's export supply function in which a constant finite price elasticity is introduced. The second change concerns the rest of the world's import demand function in which an activity variable is incorporated. In summary, the impact in terms of economic welfare and changes in macroeconomic variables is noteworthy for the former case while no substantial changes could be observed for the latter case. Additionally, the sensitivity of the GEM-E3 model to variations in key parameter values such as the upper-level Armington elasticity are analysed. Results indicate that the model can be interpreted as quite robust to parameter changes.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/24260
    Series: ZEW discussion paper ; no. 98-08
    Subjects: Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Internationale Wirtschaft; Offene Volkswirtschaft; Umweltökonomik; Ökosteuer; Steuerreform; Theorie; EU-Staaten
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Climate change policy and burden sharing in the European Union
    applying alternative equity rules to a CGE-framework
    Author: Schmidt, Tobias F. N.; Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    The objective of this paper is to present different equity rules that can be applied to the initial allocation of greenhouse gas entitlements and to analyse the potential impacts of these rules EU-wide as well as on the level of member states. The... more

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    The objective of this paper is to present different equity rules that can be applied to the initial allocation of greenhouse gas entitlements and to analyse the potential impacts of these rules EU-wide as well as on the level of member states. The methodological framework used in the empirical part of the paper is based on the GEM-E3 model, a multi-country and multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model for fourteen EU-member states. The major finding of the paper is that being ex ante favoured with respect to the initial allocation of permits might not hold ex post, i.e. when trade of permits and actual emission reductions are carried out. The reason can be found in two effects. First, the interdependence of the EU economies allows smaller economies not to make full use of the advantages they get through the ability-to-pay allocation: The negative impact on the economic perfomance of the big economies leads to a drop of export demand in the smaller economies, which in turn lowers the expected positive impact on welfare in the latter ones. Second, the way of how a surplus of permits in a particular country is used has considerable impacts on consumer welfare. Selling the surplus of permits on the international market and use the receipts to reduce public deficit is one way, but it has no direct impact on demand. Other, more demand stimulating recycling strategies of the surplus (e.g. a lump-sum transfer to households) might be more promising if welfare losses are to be minimzed. Both effects may outweigh the positive effect realized ex ante in some countries due to a more "fair" initial allocation of permits. The outcome emphasizes the importance of a consideration of full general equilibrium effects across countries.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/24264
    Series: ZEW discussion paper ; no. 98-12
    Subjects: Klimaschutz; Luftverschmutzung; Emissionshandel; Allokation; Gerechtigkeit; Wohlfahrtsanalyse; Makroökonometrie; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; EU-Staaten
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Tradable SO2-permits in the European Union
    a practicable scheme for public utilities
    Author: Brockmann, Karl Ludwig; Koschel, Henrike; Schmidt, Tobias F. N.
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    In this paper, a practicable scheme of SO2-emission permits for European power producers is developed. Background is the second UN-ECE Sulphur Protocol from 1994 (Protocol of Oslo). After discussing some theoretical models of spatially differentiated... more

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    In this paper, a practicable scheme of SO2-emission permits for European power producers is developed. Background is the second UN-ECE Sulphur Protocol from 1994 (Protocol of Oslo). After discussing some theoretical models of spatially differentiated permit schemes, evaluating the U.S. Acid Rain and RECLAIM Program, and considering the setting in the EU-15 countries, a scheme of locally undifferentiated emission permits is proposed which is distinguished by a high degree of both economic efficiency and market functioning. However, as our model simulations indicate, national deposition targets will be violated in all probability due to the scheme's missing differentiation regarding the receptors. The risk of hot spots is addressed adequately by a differentiated bundle of countermeasures. The general economic impact of an EU-wide permit scheme is low, and, in terms of change in GDP, lower compared to a non-coordinated SO2 policy. The proposed mode of the initial permit allocation allows for early price signals and guarantees maximum static and dynamic efficiency. Balancing the interests of existing and new emitters, a long-term transition from the grandfathering to the free auction procedure is chosen.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/24267
    Series: ZEW discussion paper ; no. 98-15
    Subjects: Schwefelemissionen; Emissionshandel; Elektrizitätswirtschaft; Wirkungsanalyse; EU-Staaten
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. A regulatory framework for a policy of sustainability
    lessons from the neo-liberal school
    Author: Rennings, Klaus; Koschel, Henrike; Brockmann, Karl Ludwig; Kühn, Isabel
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    In this paper targets, institutions and policy measures for describing and implementing sustainable development are evaluated in terms of their conformity with the economic framework of a market system. Firstly, from the viewpoint of neo-liberal... more

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    In this paper targets, institutions and policy measures for describing and implementing sustainable development are evaluated in terms of their conformity with the economic framework of a market system. Firstly, from the viewpoint of neo-liberal economic thinking as conceived by the German Freiburg school of economists (Eucken), a general set of criteria is developed, including issues of operationalization and legitimation of goals as well as institutional and instrumental issues. On this basis general rules for designing an ecological framework guaranteeing the greatest possible degree of conformity with a market system are derived. The concrete application of these rules leads to recommendations for a policy of sustainability with respect to the setting of goals, the establishment of institutions (role of ecological councils, of a central environmental organization on UN level and of the GATT/WTO regime) as well as the use of appropriate instruments.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Online
    Other identifier:
    hdl: 10419/24688
    Series: ZEW discussion paper ; no. 97/13
    Subjects: Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Ordnungspolitik; Ordnungsökonomik; Wirtschaftspolitisches Ziel; Umweltpolitik; Theorie; Welt
    Scope: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten)
  17. Externe Kosten der Energieversorgung und ihre Bedeutung im Konzept einer dauerhaft-umweltgerechten Entwicklung
    Author: Rennings, Klaus; Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 1995
    Publisher:  Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim

    Location:
    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
    Signature:
    9/43997
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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    C 194966
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: ZEW-Dokumentation ; 95-06
    Subjects: Externer Effekt; Soziale Kosten; Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Theorie; Energiewirtschaft
    Scope: 60 S, graph. Darst
  18. Technologischer Wandel in AGE-Modellen
    Stand der Forschung, Entwicklungsstand und -potential des GEM-E3-Modells
    Author: Koschel, Henrike; Schmidt, Tobias F. N.
    Published: 1997
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

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    ZBW - Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Standort Kiel
    Signature:
    C 203659
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: German
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: ZEW-Dokumentation ; 97-01
    Subjects: Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Technischer Fortschritt; Umweltökonomik; Theorie
    Scope: 35 S
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 26 - 28
  19. Tradable SO2-permits in the European Union
    a practicable scheme for public utilities
    Author: Brockmann, Karl Ludwig; Koschel, Henrike; Schmidt, Tobias F. N.
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    In this paper, a practicable scheme of SO2-emission permits for European power producers is developed. Background is the second UN-ECE Sulphur Protocol from 1994 (Protocol of Oslo). After discussing some theoretical models of spatially differentiated... more

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    In this paper, a practicable scheme of SO2-emission permits for European power producers is developed. Background is the second UN-ECE Sulphur Protocol from 1994 (Protocol of Oslo). After discussing some theoretical models of spatially differentiated permit schemes, evaluating the U.S. Acid Rain and RECLAIM Program, and considering the setting in the EU-15 countries, a scheme of locally undifferentiated emission permits is proposed which is distinguished by a high degree of both economic efficiency and market functioning. However, as our model simulations indicate, national deposition targets will be violated in all probability due to the scheme's missing differentiation regarding the receptors. The risk of hot spots is addressed adequately by a differentiated bundle of countermeasures. The general economic impact of an EU-wide permit scheme is low, and, in terms of change in GDP, lower compared to a non-coordinated SO2 policy. The proposed mode of the initial permit allocation allows for early price signals and guarantees maximum static and dynamic efficiency. Balancing the interests of existing and new emitters, a long-term transition from the grandfathering to the free auction procedure is chosen.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
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    Series: Array ; 98-15
    Subjects: Schwefelemissionen; Emissionshandel; Elektrizitätswirtschaft; Wirkungsanalyse; EU-Staaten
    Scope: 28 S, graph. Darst
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 25 - 28
  20. Modelling of foreign trade in applied general equilibrium models
    theoretical approaches and sensitivity analysis with the GEM-E3 model
    Author: Koschel, Henrike; Schmidt, Tobias F. N.
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    The specification of the world closure, i.e. the way of closing the domestic economy model by incorporating the external sector, is a crucial component for those models in which production and consumption is not specified endogenously for all... more

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    The specification of the world closure, i.e. the way of closing the domestic economy model by incorporating the external sector, is a crucial component for those models in which production and consumption is not specified endogenously for all countries. This paper looks explicitly at the assumptions concerning the trade behaviour of the rest of the world that can be found in literature and in empirical applications, such as the GEM-E3 General Equilibrium Model for the EU. Starting from a description of the closure rule in the actual GEM-E3 model version, two main changes in the foreign trade specification are proposed and tested using an EU-wide ecological tax reform scenario. The first change refers to the rest of the world's export supply function in which a constant finite price elasticity is introduced. The second change concerns the rest of the world's import demand function in which an activity variable is incorporated. In summary, the impact in terms of economic welfare and changes in macroeconomic variables is noteworthy for the former case while no substantial changes could be observed for the latter case. Additionally, the sensitivity of the GEM-E3 model to variations in key parameter values such as the upper-level Armington elasticity are analysed. Results indicate that the model can be interpreted as quite robust to parameter changes.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Series: Array ; 98-08
    Subjects: Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Internationale Wirtschaft; Offene Volkswirtschaft; Umweltökonomik; Ökosteuer; Steuerreform; Theorie; EU-Staaten
    Scope: 51 S, graph. Darst
  21. Climate change policy and burden sharing in the European Union
    applying alternative equity rules to a CGE-framework
    Author: Schmidt, Tobias F. N.; Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    The objective of this paper is to present different equity rules that can be applied to the initial allocation of greenhouse gas entitlements and to analyse the potential impacts of these rules EU-wide as well as on the level of member states. The... more

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky
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    A 1999/5716
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    The objective of this paper is to present different equity rules that can be applied to the initial allocation of greenhouse gas entitlements and to analyse the potential impacts of these rules EU-wide as well as on the level of member states. The methodological framework used in the empirical part of the paper is based on the GEM-E3 model, a multi-country and multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model for fourteen EU-member states. The major finding of the paper is that being ex ante favoured with respect to the initial allocation of permits might not hold ex post, i.e. when trade of permits and actual emission reductions are carried out. The reason can be found in two effects. First, the interdependence of the EU economies allows smaller economies not to make full use of the advantages they get through the ability-to-pay allocation: The negative impact on the economic perfomance of the big economies leads to a drop of export demand in the smaller economies, which in turn lowers the expected positive impact on welfare in the latter ones. Second, the way of how a surplus of permits in a particular country is used has considerable impacts on consumer welfare. Selling the surplus of permits on the international market and use the receipts to reduce public deficit is one way, but it has no direct impact on demand. Other, more demand stimulating recycling strategies of the surplus (e.g. a lump-sum transfer to households) might be more promising if welfare losses are to be minimzed. Both effects may outweigh the positive effect realized ex ante in some countries due to a more 'fair' initial allocation of permits. The outcome emphasizes the importance of a consideration of full general equilibrium effects across countries.

     
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    Source: Union catalogues
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    Media type: Book
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    Series: Array ; 98-12
    Subjects: Klimaschutz; Luftverschmutzung; Emissionshandel; Allokation; Gerechtigkeit; Wohlfahrtsanalyse; Makroökonometrie; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; EU-Staaten
    Scope: 33 S, graph. Darst
  22. Modelling of foreign trade in applied general equilibrium models
    theoretical approaches and sensitivity analysis with the GEM-E3 model
    Author: Koschel, Henrike; Schmidt, Tobias F. N.
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    The specification of the world closure, i.e. the way of closing the domestic economy model by incorporating the external sector, is a crucial component for those models in which production and consumption is not specified endogenously for all... more

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
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    The specification of the world closure, i.e. the way of closing the domestic economy model by incorporating the external sector, is a crucial component for those models in which production and consumption is not specified endogenously for all countries. This paper looks explicitly at the assumptions concerning the trade behaviour of the rest of the world that can be found in literature and in empirical applications, such as the GEM-E3 General Equilibrium Model for the EU. Starting from a description of the closure rule in the actual GEM-E3 model version, two main changes in the foreign trade specification are proposed and tested using an EU-wide ecological tax reform scenario. The first change refers to the rest of the world's export supply function in which a constant finite price elasticity is introduced. The second change concerns the rest of the world's import demand function in which an activity variable is incorporated. In summary, the impact in terms of economic welfare and changes in macroeconomic variables is noteworthy for the former case while no substantial changes could be observed for the latter case. Additionally, the sensitivity of the GEM-E3 model to variations in key parameter values such as the upper-level Armington elasticity are analysed. Results indicate that the model can be interpreted as quite robust to parameter changes.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
      BibTeX file
    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Array ; 98,08
    Subjects: Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; Internationale Wirtschaft; Offene Volkswirtschaft; Umweltökonomik; Ökosteuer; Steuerreform; Theorie; EU-Staaten
    Scope: 51 S.
  23. Tradable SO 2 -permits in the European Union
    a practicable scheme for public utilities
    Author: Brockmann, Karl Ludwig; Koschel, Henrike; Schmidt, Tobias F. N.
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    In this paper, a practicable scheme of SO2-emission permits for European power producers is developed. Background is the second UN-ECE Sulphur Protocol from 1994 (Protocol of Oslo). After discussing some theoretical models of spatially differentiated... more

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
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    Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Bibliothek 'Georgius Agricola'
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    Fachbibliothek Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Bibliothek
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    In this paper, a practicable scheme of SO2-emission permits for European power producers is developed. Background is the second UN-ECE Sulphur Protocol from 1994 (Protocol of Oslo). After discussing some theoretical models of spatially differentiated permit schemes, evaluating the U.S. Acid Rain and RECLAIM Program, and considering the setting in the EU-15 countries, a scheme of locally undifferentiated emission permits is proposed which is distinguished by a high degree of both economic efficiency and market functioning. However, as our model simulations indicate, national deposition targets will be violated in all probability due to the scheme's missing differentiation regarding the receptors. The risk of hot spots is addressed adequately by a differentiated bundle of countermeasures. The general economic impact of an EU-wide permit scheme is low, and, in terms of change in GDP, lower compared to a non-coordinated SO2 policy. The proposed mode of the initial permit allocation allows for early price signals and guarantees maximum static and dynamic efficiency. Balancing the interests of existing and new emitters, a long-term transition from the grandfathering to the free auction procedure is chosen.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Array ; 98,15
    Subjects: Schwefelemissionen; Emissionshandel; Elektrizitätswirtschaft; Wirkungsanalyse; EU-Staaten
    Scope: 28 S., graph. Darst.
    Notes:

    Literaturverz. S. 25 - 28
  24. Climate change policy and burden sharing in the European Union
    applying alternative equity rules to a CGE-framework
    Author: Schmidt, Tobias F. N.; Koschel, Henrike
    Published: 1998
    Publisher:  ZEW, Mannheim

    The objective of this paper is to present different equity rules that can be applied to the initial allocation of greenhouse gas entitlements and to analyse the potential impacts of these rules EU-wide as well as on the level of member states. The... more

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    Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen
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    The objective of this paper is to present different equity rules that can be applied to the initial allocation of greenhouse gas entitlements and to analyse the potential impacts of these rules EU-wide as well as on the level of member states. The methodological framework used in the empirical part of the paper is based on the GEM-E3 model, a multi-country and multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model for fourteen EU-member states. The major finding of the paper is that being ex ante favoured with respect to the initial allocation of permits might not hold ex post, i.e. when trade of permits and actual emission reductions are carried out. The reason can be found in two effects. First, the interdependence of the EU economies allows smaller economies not to make full use of the advantages they get through the ability-to-pay allocation: The negative impact on the economic perfomance of the big economies leads to a drop of export demand in the smaller economies, which in turn lowers the expected positive impact on welfare in the latter ones. Second, the way of how a surplus of permits in a particular country is used has considerable impacts on consumer welfare. Selling the surplus of permits on the international market and use the receipts to reduce public deficit is one way, but it has no direct impact on demand. Other, more demand stimulating recycling strategies of the surplus (e.g. a lump-sum transfer to households) might be more promising if welfare losses are to be minimzed. Both effects may outweigh the positive effect realized ex ante in some countries due to a more 'fair' initial allocation of permits. The outcome emphasizes the importance of a consideration of full general equilibrium effects across countries.

     
    Export to reference management software   RIS file
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    Source: Union catalogues
    Language: English
    Media type: Book
    Format: Print
    Series: Array ; 98,12
    Subjects: Klimaschutz; Luftverschmutzung; Emissionshandel; Allokation; Gerechtigkeit; Wohlfahrtsanalyse; Makroökonometrie; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht; EU-Staaten
    Scope: 33 S., graph. Darst.