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  1. Civic legacies of wartime governance
    Autor*in: Justino, Patricia; Stojetz, Wolfgang
    Erschienen: December 2019
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    In conflict zones around the world, both state and non-state actors deliver governance at local levels. This paper explores the long-term impact of individual exposure to 'wartime governance' on social and political behaviour. We operationalize... mehr

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    In conflict zones around the world, both state and non-state actors deliver governance at local levels. This paper explores the long-term impact of individual exposure to 'wartime governance' on social and political behaviour. We operationalize wartime governance as the local policy choices and practices of a ruling actor. Building on detailed ethnographic and historical insights, we use survey data and a natural experiment to show that involvement in wartime governance by armed groups makes Angolan war veterans more likely to participate in local collective action twelve years after the end of the war. This effect is underpinned by a social learning mechanism and a shift in political preferences, but has no bearing on political mobilization at the national level or social relations within the family. Our study documents an important institutional legacy of civil wars and exposes challenges and opportunities for bottom-up approaches to post-conflict state-building and local development.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9789292567408
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/229207
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2019, 104
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Riots and social capital in urban India
    Autor*in: Aghajanian, Alia; Justino, Patricia; Tranchant, Jean-Pierre
    Erschienen: April 2020
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper explores the relationship between household exposure to riots and social capital in urban India using a panel dataset collected by the authors in the state of Maharashtra. The analysis applies a random-effect model with lagged covariates... mehr

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    This paper explores the relationship between household exposure to riots and social capital in urban India using a panel dataset collected by the authors in the state of Maharashtra. The analysis applies a random-effect model with lagged covariates to estimate the exogenous effect of riots on social capital. Households living in neighbourhoods prone to riots are more likely to invest in bridging social capital by joining community organizations but reduce face-to-face contact with neighbours. These effects are driven largely by levels of neighbourhood social fragmentation in riot-prone neighbourhoods. There, the salience of social identity is also reduced as individuals attempt to reach out across social divisions. We interpret these results as indicating that households instrumentally use bridging forms of social capital as an insurance against potential future communal violence in socially fragmented contexts where conflicting social groups live alongside each other.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    ISBN: 9789292567996
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/229266
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 42
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. The effects of wartime institutions on households' ability to cope with shocks
    evidence for Colombia
    Autor*in: Ibáñez, Ana María; Arteaga, Julián; Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Arjona, Ana; Justino, Patricia
    Erschienen: November 2019
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper studies the legacies of wartime institutions, measured as rebelocracy, on the ability of households to cope with negative income shocks. Rebelocracy is the social order established by non-state armed actors in the communities they control.... mehr

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    This paper studies the legacies of wartime institutions, measured as rebelocracy, on the ability of households to cope with negative income shocks. Rebelocracy is the social order established by non-state armed actors in the communities they control. By providing public goods and a predictable framework within which to operate, rebelocracy may generate incentives for households to expand production and accumulate wealth, placing them in a higher income trajectory than households living in war zones amid violence and chaos. If these better economic conditions persist after non-state armed actors leave the territory, households in communities that had stronger rebelocracy levels will be better able to cope with negative income shocks. The empirical strategy identifies households’ responses to random weather shocks and estimates their heterogeneous impact by the level of rebelocracy. Using a household panel in four conflict regions in Colombia, the estimation controls for time-invariant unobservables. The study finds that in regions with strong rebelocracy, households are better able to cope with negative weather shocks than those living in regions with non-state armed actor presence but with limited or no intervention. The former households face a lower economic impact of weather shocks and resort less to survival migration. The effect of rebelocracy is driven mostly by the provision of public goods by non-state armed actors. While this paper is not claiming causal impacts of rebelocracy, its coefficient estimates are robust to controlling for confounders that may explain rebelocracy in the first place.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292567200
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/211323
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2019, 84
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Redistributive preferences and protests in Latin America
    Autor*in: Justino, Patricia; Martorano, Bruno
    Erschienen: 2019

    This article analyzes the role of individual redistributive preferences on protest participation. The article focuses on Latin America, a region that has experienced substantial protests and demonstrations in the last decade, making use of... mehr

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    This article analyzes the role of individual redistributive preferences on protest participation. The article focuses on Latin America, a region that has experienced substantial protests and demonstrations in the last decade, making use of individual-level data on redistributive preferences and protest participation collected across eighteen countries in 2010, 2012, and 2014. The results show evidence for an association between strong individual preferences for redistribution and participation in protests motivated by the low quality of services and institutions, failures to reduce corruption, and perceived lower standards of living. The results are robust to alternative estimators, samples, and model specifications and not affected by endogeneity concerns.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Aufsatz aus einer Zeitschrift
    Format: Online
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    Übergeordneter Titel: Enthalten in: The journal of conflict resolution; Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.] : Sage Publications, 1957; 63(2019), 9 vom: Okt., Seite 2128-2154; Online-Ressource

    Schlagworte: Politische Beteiligung; Politische Mobilisierung; Individuum; Motivation; Vermögensumverteilung; Einkommensumverteilung; Verteilungspolitik; Statistische Analyse
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource, Tabellen
    Bemerkung(en):

    Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 2150-2154
  5. Winning or buying hearts and minds?
    cash transfers and political attitudes in Pakistan
    Autor*in: Ghorpade, Yashodhan; Justino, Patricia
    Erschienen: November 2019
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper studies how household-level receipts of cash transfers affect political attitudes in Pakistan. The paper exploits the locally exogenous eligibility cut-off of the flagship Benazir Income Support Programme to estimate causal effects. The... mehr

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    This paper studies how household-level receipts of cash transfers affect political attitudes in Pakistan. The paper exploits the locally exogenous eligibility cut-off of the flagship Benazir Income Support Programme to estimate causal effects. The main results show evidence of improved satisfaction with the government among beneficiaries of the programme. The paper discusses what potential mechanisms may explain this result and finds no evidence of changes in attitudes being associated with improvements in state capacity or better economic and security prospects. Instead, we find that the effect is present only when the programme has been in place in communities for over two years, which coincides with the switch to proxy-means test-based targeting from the earlier modality of nominations by parliamentarians. The main result is therefore driven by better connected and politically important communities that were favoured by incumbent parliamentarians for programme rollout before the introduction of objective targeting criteria.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292567279
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/211316
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2019, 91
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten)
  6. Los legados del conflicto armado sobre la capacidad de los hogares para mitigar los choques económicos negativos
    evidencia para Colombia = The effects of wartime on households ability to cope with shocks : evidence for Colombia
    Autor*in: Arjona, Ana; Arteaga, Julián; Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Ibáñez, Ana María; Justino, Patricia
    Erschienen: [2019]
    Verlag:  CEDE, Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Económico, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia

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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Medientyp: Buch (Monographie)
    Format: Druck
    Schriftenreihe: Documentos CEDE ; 2019, no. 16 (abril de 2019)
    Umfang: 57 Seiten, Illustrationen
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    Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe
  7. Trust in the time of corona
    Autor*in: Brück, Tilman; Ferguson, Neil T. N.; Justino, Patricia; Stojetz, Wolfgang
    Erschienen: June 2020
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The global spread of COVID-19 is one of the largest threats to people and governments since the Second World War. The on-going pandemic and its countermeasures have led to varying physical, psychological, and emotional experiences, shaping not just... mehr

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    The global spread of COVID-19 is one of the largest threats to people and governments since the Second World War. The on-going pandemic and its countermeasures have led to varying physical, psychological, and emotional experiences, shaping not just public health and the economy but also societies. We focus on one pillar of society-trust-and explore how trust correlates with the individual experiences of the pandemic. The analysis is based on a new global survey-'Life with Corona'-and uses simple correlational statistics. We show that those who have had contact with sick people and those that are unemployed exhibit lower trust in people, institutions, and in general. By contrast, no such differences exist for those who have personally experienced symptoms of the disease. These associations vary across contexts and are not driven by concerns about personal health or the health of loved ones, but rather by increased levels of worry and stress. Our findings suggest that the effects of the pandemic go well beyond immediate health concerns, leading to important normative changes that are likely to shape how societies will emerge from the pandemic.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292568399
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/229306
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 82
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Africa's lockdown dilemma
    high poverty and low trust
    Autor*in: Egger, Eva-Maria; Jones, Sam; Justino, Patricia; Manhique, Ivan; Santos, Ricardo
    Erschienen: June 2020
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The primary policy response to suppress the spread of COVID-19 in high-income countries has been to lock down large sections of the population. However, there is growing unease that blindly replicating these policies might inflict irreparable damage... mehr

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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
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    Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Bibliothek
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    The primary policy response to suppress the spread of COVID-19 in high-income countries has been to lock down large sections of the population. However, there is growing unease that blindly replicating these policies might inflict irreparable damage to poor households and foment social unrest in developing countries. We investigate this concern using Afrobarometer data from 2019 for 30 sub-Saharan African countries. We create a multidimensional index of lockdown readiness based on living conditions and explore its relationship with forms of trust and the potential for social unrest. The index reveals that just 6.8 per cent of households overall and 12.2 per cent in urban areas meet all conditions for a lockdown. We further show that weak readiness is not offset by high levels of social trust, which can be vital for effective public health interventions. As such, strict lockdown policies may not only be difficult to enforce, but also heighten the risks of conflict.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292568337
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/229300
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 76
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; Infektionskrankheit; Gesundheitspolitik; Konflikt; Soziale Sicherheit; Armut
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Improving parenting practices for early child development
    experimental evidence from Rwanda
    Autor*in: Justino, Patricia; Leone, Marinella; Rolla, Pierfrancesco; Abimpaye, Monique; Dusabe, Caroline; Uwamahoro, Diane; Germond, Richard
    Erschienen: June 2020
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper investigates the short- and medium-term impact of a randomized groupbased early child development programme targeting parents of children aged six to 24 months in a poor, rural district of Rwanda. The programme engaged parents through... mehr

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    This paper investigates the short- and medium-term impact of a randomized groupbased early child development programme targeting parents of children aged six to 24 months in a poor, rural district of Rwanda. The programme engaged parents through sessions that included a radio show and facilitated discussions during 17 weekly village-level meetings. Twelve months after baseline, children's communication, problem-solving, and personal social skills improved in treated groups. After almost three years, the effects on child development outcomes in the full treatment group persisted (by 0.18 SD). The intervention also resulted in increases in maternal time investments in both the short and the medium term, as well as improvements in parents' perceptions about their self-efficacy and influence over their child's development. A linear mediation analysis shows that 20 per cent of the positive changes observed in child development can be attributed to the increase in time mothers spent engaging with their children.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292568290
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    hdl: 10419/229296
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 72
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. Trade liberalization and the rise of populism in Brazil
    Autor*in: Iacoella, Francesco; Justino, Patricia; Martorano, Bruno
    Erschienen: September 2020
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper investigates the long-term impact of economic shocks on populism, by exploiting a natural experiment created by the trade liberalization process implemented in Brazil between 1990 and 1995. This high impact and low duration event generated... mehr

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    This paper investigates the long-term impact of economic shocks on populism, by exploiting a natural experiment created by the trade liberalization process implemented in Brazil between 1990 and 1995. This high impact and low duration event generated a profound shock to the economy with, we argue, long term implications for political outcomes. We focus on the 2002 and 2018 presidential elections in Brazil, which resulted in the election of a left-wing and a rightwing populist president, respectively. The results show that trade reforms explain the rise of populism in Brazil during the last two decades. Microregions with larger tariff cuts in the early 1990s had significantly higher preferences for Lula in 2002 and were also more likely to support Bolsonaro in 2018. The link between trade liberalization and populism is mediated by austerity in both cases. The shift between left-wing and right-wing preferences is driven by the supply side of populism, whereby each leader took advantage of existing cleavages in the country at the time of their election-driven by inequality in the case of Lula and by insecurity and corruption in the case of Bolsonaro-to develop narratives against austerity that would appeal to their target audiences.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292568757
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/229342
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2020, 118
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. On the political and social consequences of economic inequality
    civic engagement in Colombia
    Autor*in: Justino, Patricia; Arjona, Ana; Cárdenas Campo, Juan Camilo; Ibáñez, Ana María; Arteaga, Julián
    Erschienen: October 2019
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper investigates the impact of inequality on individual civic engagement at the community level, whether this impact persists over time, and what mechanisms may shape the relationship between inequality and civic engagement. The results show... mehr

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    This paper investigates the impact of inequality on individual civic engagement at the community level, whether this impact persists over time, and what mechanisms may shape the relationship between inequality and civic engagement. The results show that inequality in Colombia is associated with increases in individual participation in political organizations, including increased membership, meeting attendance, and assumption of leadership roles. Mechanisms explaining this effect include elite influence, strong connectivity between community members, and high individual aspirations. The effect is strongest in the medium term and weakens over time.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292567101
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    hdl: 10419/211307
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2019, 76
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. An exploration of the association between fuel subsidies and fuel riots
    Autor*in: McCulloch, Neil; Natalini, Davide; Hossain, Naomi; Justino, Patricia
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, United Kingdom

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    ISBN: 9781781188644
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    hdl: 20.500.12413/16867
    Schriftenreihe: IDS working paper ; volume 2021, number 556
    Schlagworte: Fuel subsidies; fuel riots; protests; conflict; price regimes; energy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Trust in the time of corona
    Autor*in: Brück, Tilman; Ferguson, Neil T. N.; Justino, Patricia; Stojetz, Wolfgang
    Erschienen: June 2020
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The global spread of COVID-19 is one of the largest threats to people and governments since the Second World War. The on-going pandemic and its countermeasures have led to varying physical, psychological, and emotional experiences, shaping not just... mehr

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    The global spread of COVID-19 is one of the largest threats to people and governments since the Second World War. The on-going pandemic and its countermeasures have led to varying physical, psychological, and emotional experiences, shaping not just public health and the economy but also societies. We focus on one pillar of society - trust - and explore how trust correlates with the individual experiences of the pandemic. The analysis is based on a new global survey - 'Life with Corona' - and uses simple correlational statistics. We show that those who have had contact with sick people and those that are unemployed exhibit lower trust in people, institutions, and in general. By contrast, no such differences exist for those who have personally experienced symptoms of the disease. These associations vary across contexts and are not driven by concerns about personal health or the health of loved ones, but rather by increased levels of worry and stress. Our findings suggest that the effects of the pandemic go well beyond immediate health concerns, leading to important normative changes that are likely to shape how societies will emerge from the pandemic.

     
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    Format: Online
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/223828
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13386
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Do pandemics lead to rebellion?
    policy responses to COVID-19, inequality, and protests in the USA
    Autor*in: Iacoella, Francesco; Justino, Patricia; Martorano, Bruno
    Erschienen: March 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper analyses how inequality across counties in the United States of America has shaped the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of protests. The empirical analysis combines weekly data between January and December 2020 on levels of... mehr

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    This paper analyses how inequality across counties in the United States of America has shaped the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of protests. The empirical analysis combines weekly data between January and December 2020 on levels of COVID-19-related policy stringency and protest incidence at the county level with measures of county-level inequality at the start of the pandemic. The results show that more stringent measures to contain the pandemic were instrumental in driving the incidence of protests, but only in counties with high levels of inequality before the start of the pandemic, where grievances may have been initially stronger. Further analysis suggests that the impact of government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic is largely explained by changes in economic conditions (rise in unemployment and changes in economic activities and spending) in counties with the highest levels of inequality. Unequal counties with lower trust in political institutions but higher levels of social trust and civic engagement at the start of the pandemic are also more likely to experience more protests as a response to more stringent policies.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292569952
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243383
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 57
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; lockdown; protests; inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Marginalisation from education in conflict-affected contexts
    learning from Tanganyika and Ituri in the DR Congo
    Autor*in: Marchais, Gauthier; Gupta, Sweta; Brandt, Cyril Owen; Justino, Patricia; Leone, Marinella; Kuliumbwa, Eustache; Kithumbu, Olga; Kiemtoré, Issa; Polepole Bazuzi, Christian; Bove, Margherita
    Erschienen: January 2021
    Verlag:  Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK

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    Fachinformationsverbund Internationale Beziehungen und Länderkunde
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    German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Bibliothek
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    ISBN: 9781781187616
    Weitere Identifier:
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    Schriftenreihe: IDS working paper ; volume 2021, no 544
    Schlagworte: Twa; Minderheit; Wirkung; Auswirkung; Marginalität; Randgruppe; Bildung; Erziehung; Bildungswesen; Education; education in fragile contexts; dynamics of violent conflict; Democratic Republic of the Congo; conflict research; Pygmy populations of central Africa; conflict and marginalisation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 116 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Community organization and armed group behaviour
    evidence from Colombia
    Autor*in: Gáfaro, Margarita; Ibáñez, Ana María; Justino, Patricia
    Erschienen: January 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper investigates how armed groups affect the organization of local communities during armed conflict in Colombia. We estimate the effect of communities' exposure to armed groups with an econometric specification that takes into account... mehr

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    This paper investigates how armed groups affect the organization of local communities during armed conflict in Colombia. We estimate the effect of communities' exposure to armed groups with an econometric specification that takes into account individual and municipality-year fixed effects and an instrumental variable approach that exploits variations in the presence of armed groups in rural communities induced by the peace negotiations with members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People's Army. Our results show that the presence of armed groups in each community between survey rounds is accompanied by a reduction in the participation of individuals in local organizations in communities with a strong institutional set-up before the arrival of the armed group. We observe the opposite effect in communities with weaker pre-existing institutions. These results are consistent with a theoretical model in which armed groups capture local organizations for strategic war purposes.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292671334
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    hdl: 10419/249499
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 2
    Schlagworte: armed conflict; institutions; Colombia
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. What drives parental investments in early childhood?
    experimental evidence from a video intervention in Rwanda
    Autor*in: Justino, Patricia; Leone, Marinella; Rolla, Pierfrancesco; Abimpaye, Monique
    Erschienen: June 2023
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper investigates the causal impact of a randomized video intervention designed to study the determinants of parental time investments in early childhood among low-income parents. We designed and screened a video that provided information and... mehr

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    This paper investigates the causal impact of a randomized video intervention designed to study the determinants of parental time investments in early childhood among low-income parents. We designed and screened a video that provided information and conveyed persuasive messages about the importance of parental investments in early childhood. In a second video, we added a positive feedback message to parents about their accomplishments during their participation in an earlier parenting program. We find that this second treatment (information plus feedback) improves maternal time investment by 0.2 SD. The provision of information without positive feedback was not enough to shift parental behavior on average but generated important heterogeneous effects. Notably, the poorest, most disadvantaged households benefited the most from both treatment arms. We explore the potential sources of these changes and document a weak impact of the treatments on parental self-efficacy and knowledge beliefs, but a strong positive effect of the treatments on social support within the community. This result suggests a potentially important role for social networks in parenting interventions in low-income settings.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292673833
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/283771
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 75
    Schlagworte: early childhood development; parental investments; beliefs; technology; human capital; Rwanda
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Do the effectiveness principles matter for development?
    evidence from aid effectiveness data
    Autor*in: Gisselquist, Rachel M.; Justino, Patricia; Vaccaro, Andrea
    Erschienen: April 2023
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The Principles of Effective Development Co-operation provide an important reference point for foreign aid and international development assistance. Although the principles-country ownership, focus on results, inclusive partnerships, and transparency... mehr

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    The Principles of Effective Development Co-operation provide an important reference point for foreign aid and international development assistance. Although the principles-country ownership, focus on results, inclusive partnerships, and transparency and mutual accountability- are framed to support more 'effective' development cooperation, there has been insufficient systematic research on their measurement and impact. We address this gap and consider what can be learned about this relationship using the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation's (GPEDC) monitoring framework. We draw on standard social science approaches to conceptualization and measurement and descriptive statistical analysis to explore the relationship between adherence to the effectiveness principles and various development outcomes. We find that, across countries, the empirical relationship between currently available GPEDC data and development outcomes is tenuous at best. Shortcomings in the data are a key reason for this lack of evidence. Some of these could be fixed straightforwardly with adjustments to the indicators and data collection approaches, but many relate to inherent challenges to measurement in this area.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292673680
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    hdl: 10419/283756
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 60
    Schlagworte: effectiveness principles; development cooperation; foreign aid; Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation; indicators
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. The violent legacy of fascism
    neofascist political violence in Italy, 1969-88
    Autor*in: Costalli, Stefano; Guariso, Daniele; Justino, Patricia; Ruggeri, Andrea
    Erschienen: February 2023
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    We still have limited knowledge about the long-term effects of fascism on European democracies. European countries experienced cycles of violence between the 1960s and 1980s. Can such violence be explained by legacies of mobilization during fascism?... mehr

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    We still have limited knowledge about the long-term effects of fascism on European democracies. European countries experienced cycles of violence between the 1960s and 1980s. Can such violence be explained by legacies of mobilization during fascism? We study whether and how the Italian fascist experience of the 1920s affected political violence during the 1970s and 1980s. We created an original dataset of conflictual events at a subnational level in Italy. Using zero-inflated negative binomial regressions, we find that local membership of the fascist party in 1922-before the institutionalization of the fascist regime-predicts neofascist political violence at the provincial level more than 40 years later. New windows of opportunity facilitate the resurfacing of local fascist legacies: in the months when a new Minister of Interior is appointed, we observe higher levels of neofascist violence in provinces where the early presence of the fascist party was stronger.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292673420
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    hdl: 10419/283730
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 34
    Schlagworte: conflict; fascism; Italy; legacies; terrorism; violence
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. Wartime governance and state-building trajectories in post-conflict societies
    Autor*in: Justino, Patricia
    Erschienen: May 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    To date, there is limited understanding about the consequences of wartime dynamics for post-war state-building processes. This paper explores one such dynamics-the forms of governance exercised by armed groups during wartime-and proposes a... mehr

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    To date, there is limited understanding about the consequences of wartime dynamics for post-war state-building processes. This paper explores one such dynamics-the forms of governance exercised by armed groups during wartime-and proposes a theoretical framework outlining how forms of wartime governance affect trajectories of state-building in the aftermath of civil wars. Six possible trajectories are mapped out: stable democracy, weak democracy, stable autocracy, fragmented rule, contested autocracy, and durable disorder. Each trajectory is shaped by the interaction between two dimensions of wartime governance: how armed groups build institutional capacity in wartime and the characteristics of wartime civilian rule by armed groups. The core argument is that civil wars generate within themselves bureaucratic and institutional capacity-through how armed groups govern territories and civilians within them-that under certain circumstances may be harnessed in the post-war period to build states capable of governing. The characteristics and durability of those forms of wartime governance shape the type of statebuilding and political regime trajectories that emerge in the post-war period.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292671792
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/264353
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 48
    Schlagworte: political violence; war; conflict; state-building; peace; development
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten)
  21. Welfare losses, preferences for redistribution, and political participation
    evidence from the United Kingdom's age of austerity
    Autor*in: Justino, Patricia; Martorano, Bruno; Metzger, Laura
    Erschienen: May 2023
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    This paper studies the effect of austerity on forms of political participation-including voting, appealing for reform, and peaceful protesting-and the role of preferences for redistribution in shaping the relationship between individual exposure to... mehr

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    This paper studies the effect of austerity on forms of political participation-including voting, appealing for reform, and peaceful protesting-and the role of preferences for redistribution in shaping the relationship between individual exposure to austerity and political participation. The paper focuses on the case of the United Kingdom (UK) where, between 2011 and 2019, wide-ranging austerity policies were introduced to deal with high public debt in the aftermath of the 2007-08 financial crisis. Cuts to government spending on public investment, services, and social protection, especially during the initial fiscal consolidation phase of 2011-15, led to significant welfare losses for the population. We provide evidence from observational microeconomic data and a large-scale online experiment in the UK showing that individual exposure to welfare losses from austerity increases political participation and strengthens preferences for government redistribution. The experimental data suggests that changes in individual preferences for redistribution significantly shape the effect of austerity on political participation.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292673697
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    hdl: 10419/283757
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2023, 61
    Schlagworte: austerity; political participation; redistribution; expenditure cuts; welfare loss
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Revisiting the links between economic inequality and political violence
    the role of social mobilization
    Autor*in: Justino, Patricia
    Erschienen: February 2022
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The main aim of this paper is to explore theoretically important mechanisms through which economic inequalities may affect the emergence of political violence given the forms of social mobilization they (may) generate. The paper identifies and... mehr

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    The main aim of this paper is to explore theoretically important mechanisms through which economic inequalities may affect the emergence of political violence given the forms of social mobilization they (may) generate. The paper identifies and explores two mechanisms under which social mobilization in unequal societies may result in either non-violent or violent collective action and, ultimately, in violent conflict. The first condition is the level of social cooperation between different social groups that are formed during the process of social mobilization. The second is the efficacy of collective action to drive change, which is in turn shaped by the ability of individuals within groups to coordinate their actions. Forms of social mobilization become violent when antagonism is the dominant form of social interaction between different social groups in unequal societies, and when each of these social groups exhibits high levels of internal coordination.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292671501
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    hdl: 10419/259375
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2022, 19
    Schlagworte: inequality; political violence; social mobilization; collective action; social cooperation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten)
  23. An exploration of the association between fuel subsidies and fuel riots
    Autor*in: McCulloch, Neil; Natalini, Davide; Hossain, Naomi; Justino, Patricia
    Erschienen: October 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    Between 2005 and 2018, 41 countries had at least one riot directly associated with popular demand for fuel. We make use of a new international dataset on fuel riots to explore the effects of fuel prices and price regimes on fuel riots. In line with... mehr

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    Between 2005 and 2018, 41 countries had at least one riot directly associated with popular demand for fuel. We make use of a new international dataset on fuel riots to explore the effects of fuel prices and price regimes on fuel riots. In line with prior expectations, we find that large domestic fuel price shocks-often linked to international price shocks-are a key driver of riots. In addition, we report a novel result: fuel riots are closely associated with domestic price regimes. Countries that maintain fixed price regimes-notably net energy exporters-tend to have large fuel subsidies. When such subsidies become unsustainable, domestic price adjustments are large, often leading to riots.

     
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    ISBN: 9789292670993
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    hdl: 10419/248373
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 159
    Schlagworte: fuel subsidies; fuel riots; protests; conflict; price regimes; energy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Do pandemics lead to rebellion?
    policy responses to COVID-19, inequality, and protests in the USA
    Autor*in: Iacoella, Francesco; Justino, Patricia; Martorano, Bruno
    Erschienen: 25 March 2021
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2021, 014
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; lockdown; protests; inequality
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Welfare losses, preferences for redistribution, and political participation
    evidence from the United Kingdom’s age of austerity
    Autor*in: Justino, Patricia; Martorano, Bruno; Metzger, Laura
    Erschienen: 8 May 2023
    Verlag:  Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht, The Netherlands

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / United Nations University, UNU-MERIT ; #2023, 016
    Schlagworte: austerity; political participation; redistribution; expenditure cuts; welfare loss
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten)