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  1. How good are manufacturing jobs in Myanmar?
    evidence from matched employer-employee data
    Autor*in: Falco, Paolo; Gioia, Francesca; Trifkovic, Neda
    Erschienen: June 2021
    Verlag:  United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki, Finland

    The quality of people's jobs is a fundamental determinant of their well-being, and judging the state of a labour market on the basis of job quantity alone delivers a very partial picture. This study is an attempt to place the spotlight on the working... mehr

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    The quality of people's jobs is a fundamental determinant of their well-being, and judging the state of a labour market on the basis of job quantity alone delivers a very partial picture. This study is an attempt to place the spotlight on the working conditions of workers in the Myanmar manufacturing sector. Using a model of job demands and job resources, we focus on the balance between different stress factors and the support workers get. We find that a large fraction of workers face severe pressures. In particular, nearly one half faces severe time pressure; nearly a quarter is exposed to health hazards, such as loud noises, carrying heavy loads, and operating in uncomfortable or painful positions. These factors are often not met with adequate support from the firm. Male workers and those with lower levels of education are most exposed to occupational risks. Contrary to the narrative that a trade-off might exist between firm competitiveness and job quality, we find that labour productivity is higher in firms where working conditions are better.

     
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    Sprache: Englisch
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    ISBN: 9789292670306
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/243416
    Schriftenreihe: WIDER working paper ; 2021, 90
    Schlagworte: job quality; productivity; working conditions; Myanmar
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Selection and incentives under time pressure: the importance of framing
    Autor*in: De Paola, Maria; Gioia, Francesca; Pupo, Valeria
    Erschienen: July 2020
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In this paper we investigate whether the framing of the incentives used to foster participation into contexts characterized by high degrees of time pressure affects individuals' self-selection. At this aim we run a lab-in-the-field experiment... mehr

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    In this paper we investigate whether the framing of the incentives used to foster participation into contexts characterized by high degrees of time pressure affects individuals' self-selection. At this aim we run a lab-in-the-field experiment structured in two parts. The first part investigates individual characteristics that affect performance under time pressure, while the second is devoted to analyze how the decision to work under time pressure is affected by the reward/punishment framing of incentives. We find that individuals characterized by a high degree of risk aversion perform worse under time pressure. Nonetheless, when facing a penalty incentive scheme these individuals are more likely to choose to work with strict term limits, suggesting that penalty contracts might generate adverse selection problems.

     
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    hdl: 10419/223916
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13474
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Online teaching, procrastination and students' achievement: evidence from COVID-19 Induced remote learning
    Autor*in: De Paola, Maria; Gioia, Francesca; Scoppa, Vincenzo
    Erschienen: January 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    The COVID-19 pandemic forced schools and universities to transit from traditional class-based teaching to online learning. This paper investigates the impact produced by this shift on students' performance. We use administrative data of four cohorts... mehr

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    The COVID-19 pandemic forced schools and universities to transit from traditional class-based teaching to online learning. This paper investigates the impact produced by this shift on students' performance. We use administrative data of four cohorts of students enrolled in an Italian University and adopt a difference-in-differences strategy exploiting the fact that the transition to online teaching has taken place at the beginning of the second semester, while classes were face-to-face in the first semester. We compare students' performance in the second semester of 2020 with their performance in the first semester and contrast this difference with the difference between second and first semester in the previous academic years. Controlling for a number of variables proxying for COVID-19 incidence and internet connections' quality, we find that online teaching has reduced students' performance of about 1.4 credits per semester (0.11 Standard Deviations). Freshmen are those who suffer more, while almost no negative effect is found for Master's Degree students. Since the need for self-discipline in an online environment could cause students' low achievements, we study the role of procrastination and show that online teaching has been particularly detrimental for students affected by present-bias problems.

     
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    hdl: 10419/250692
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15031
    Schlagworte: online teaching; students' performance; COVID-19; procrastination
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Teamwork, leadership and gender
    Autor*in: De Paola, Maria; Gioia, Francesca; Scoppa, Vincenzo
    Erschienen: September 2018
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    We ran a field experiment to investigate whether individual performance in teams depends on the gender of the leader. About 430 students from an Italian University took an intermediate exam that was partly evaluated on the basis of teamwork. Students... mehr

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    We ran a field experiment to investigate whether individual performance in teams depends on the gender of the leader. About 430 students from an Italian University took an intermediate exam that was partly evaluated on the basis of teamwork. Students were randomly matched in teams of three and in each team we randomly chose a leader with the task of coordinating the work of the team. We find a positive and significant effect of female leadership on team performance. This effect is driven by the higher performance of team members in female led teams rather than due to an improvement in the leader’s performance. We also find that, in spite of the higher performance of female led teams, male members tend to evaluate female leaders as less effective, whereas female members are more sympathetic towards them.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/185321
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 11861
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten)
  5. Does reminding of behavioural biases increase returns from financial trading?
    a field experiment
    Autor*in: De Paola, Maria; Gioia, Francesca; Piluso, Fabio
    Erschienen: September 2017
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    We ran a field experiment to investigate whether nudge policies, consisting in behavioural insight messaging, help to improve performance in financial trading. Our experiment involved students enrolled in a financial trading course in an Italian... mehr

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    We ran a field experiment to investigate whether nudge policies, consisting in behavioural insight messaging, help to improve performance in financial trading. Our experiment involved students enrolled in a financial trading course in an Italian University who were invited to trade on Borsa Italiana's virtual platform. Students were randomly assigned to a control group and a treatment group. Treated students received a message reminding them of the existence of behavioural biases in financial trading. We find that treated students significantly improve the performance of their portfolio. Several behaviours may explain the increase in performance. We find evidence pointing to a reduction in the home and status quo biases for risk averse nudged participants.

     
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    hdl: 10419/170967
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IZA ; no. 10983
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. The health-wealth trade-off during the COVID-19 pandemic: communication matters
    Autor*in: Carrieri, Vincenzo; De Paola, Maria; Gioia, Francesca
    Erschienen: December 2020
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    How do people balance health/wealth concerns during a pandemic? And, how does the communication of this trade-off affect individual preferences? We address these questions using a field experiment involving around 2000 students enrolled in a large... mehr

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    How do people balance health/wealth concerns during a pandemic? And, how does the communication of this trade-off affect individual preferences? We address these questions using a field experiment involving around 2000 students enrolled in a large university in Italy. We design four treatments where the trade-off is communicated using different combinations of a positive framing that focuses on protective strategies and a negative framing which refers to potential costs. We find that positive framing on the health side induces individuals to give greater relevance to the health dimension. The effect is sizeable and highly effective among many different audiences, especially females. Importantly, this triggers a higher level of intention to adhere to social distancing and precautionary behaviors. Moreover, irrespective of the framing, we find a large heterogeneity in students' preferences over the trade-off. Economics students and students who have directly experienced the economic impact of the pandemic are found to favor wealth-centered policies.

     
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    hdl: 10419/232695
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 13943
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Are females scared of competing with males?
    results from a field experiment
    Autor*in: De Paola, Maria; Gioia, Francesca; Scoppa, Vincenzo
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    We conducted a field experiment involving 720 Italian undergraduate students to investigate the existence of gender differences in performance in competitive settings and whether performance is affected by one's opponent gender. The experimental... mehr

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    We conducted a field experiment involving 720 Italian undergraduate students to investigate the existence of gender differences in performance in competitive settings and whether performance is affected by one's opponent gender. The experimental design was aimed at disentangling gender differences in taste for competition from other differences in psychological attitudes, such as self-confidence and risk aversion. Students were invited to undertake a midterm exam under a tournament scheme having as a prize some bonus points to add to the final grade. Students competed in pairs of equal predicted ability but different gender composition. We find that females are as likely as males to take part in the competition and to obtain a good performance. The gender of one's competitor does not play any role in shaping students' behavior. Men and women perform similarly both in the competitive and in the non-competitive environment.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/89943
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 7799
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (20 S.)
  8. Does patience matter for marriage stability?
    some evidence from Italy
    Autor*in: De Paola, Maria; Gioia, Francesca
    Erschienen: 2013
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    Time preferences can affect divorce probability both affecting the quality of the match and affecting the spouses' reactions to negative shocks. We analyze the relationship between time preferences and divorce decisions using data from the Italian... mehr

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    Time preferences can affect divorce probability both affecting the quality of the match and affecting the spouses' reactions to negative shocks. We analyze the relationship between time preferences and divorce decisions using data from the Italian Survey on Household Income and Wealth, which provides a measure of time preferences based on a hypothetical financial situation in which individuals have to decide how much money to give up in order to receive a certain amount of money today instead of in one year's time. Controlling for a number of individual and family characteristics, we find that an increase in impatience of one standard deviation increases the probability of experiencing divorce by almost one percentage point. Our results are not affected by reverse causality problems and are robust when controlling for individual risk attitudes. We also find that more risk averse individuals are less likely to experience divorce.

     
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    hdl: 10419/89804
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 7769
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (22 S.)
  9. Survey of Mozambican manufacturing firms 2022
    Autor*in: Barletta, Giulia; Berkel, Hanna; Bryson, Samuel; Fisker, Peter Simonsen; Gioia, Francesca; Guiliche, Firmino; Lopez, Agustina; Mazive, Edson; Mikkelsen, Frederikke; Rand, John; Tarp, Finn; Trifkovic, Neda; Vieira, Ivandra
    Erschienen: February 2023
    Verlag:  [UNU-WIDER], [Helsinki, Finland]

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    Schriftenreihe: Descriptive report
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 228 Seiten)
  10. Gender-science implicit association and employment decisions
    Autor*in: Gioia, Francesca; Immordino, Giovanni
    Erschienen: September 2023
    Verlag:  CSEF, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance, Department of Economics, University of Naples, Naples, Italy

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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / CSEF, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance ; no. 681
    Schlagworte: Gender; Labor discrimination; Implicit Association
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Who performs better under time pressure?
    results from a field experiment
    Autor*in: De Paola, Maria; Gioia, Francesca
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn

    We investigate whether and how time pressure affects performance. We conducted a field experiment in which students from an Italian University are proposed to choose between two exam schemes: a standard scheme without time pressure and an alternative... mehr

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    We investigate whether and how time pressure affects performance. We conducted a field experiment in which students from an Italian University are proposed to choose between two exam schemes: a standard scheme without time pressure and an alternative scheme consisting of two written intermediate tests, one of which to be taken under time pressure. Both exam schemes consist of a verbal and a numerical part, each carrying half of the total marks. Students deciding to sustain the alternative exam are randomly assigned to a "time pressure" and a "no time pressure" group. Students performing under time pressure at the first test perform in absence of time pressure at the second test and vice versa. We find that being exposed to time pressure exerts a negative and statistically significant impact on students' performance both at the verbal and at the numerical task. The effect is driven by a strong negative impact on females' performance, while there is no statistically significant effect on males. Gender differences in handling time pressure are relevant only when dealing with the verbal task. Using data on students' expectations, we also find that the effect produced by time pressure on performance was correctly perceived by students. Female students expect a lower grade when working under time pressure, while males do not.

     
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    hdl: 10419/107490
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 8708
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
  12. The adverse consequences of tournaments
    evidence from a field experiment
    Autor*in: De Paola, Maria; Gioia, Francesca; Scoppa, Vincenzo
    Erschienen: March 2016
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    We run a field experiment to investigate whether competing in rank-order tournaments with different prize spreads affects individual performance. Our experiment involved students from an Italian University who took an intermediate exam in which one... mehr

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    We run a field experiment to investigate whether competing in rank-order tournaments with different prize spreads affects individual performance. Our experiment involved students from an Italian University who took an intermediate exam in which one part was awarded on the basis of their relative performance. Students were matched in pairs on the basis of their high school grades and each pair was randomly assigned to one of three different tournaments. Random assignment neutralizes selection effects and allows us to investigate if larger prize spreads increase individual effort. We do not find any positive effect of larger prizes on students' performance and in several specifications we do find a negative effect. Furthermore, we show that the effect of prize spreads on students' performance depends on their degree of risk-aversion: competing in tournaments with large spreads negatively affects the performance of risk-averse students, while it does not produce any effect on students who are more prone to take risks.

     
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    hdl: 10419/141613
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IZA ; no. 9854
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten)
  13. Free-riding and knowledge spillovers in teams
    the role of social ties
    Autor*in: De Paola, Maria; Gioia, Francesca; Scoppa, Vincenzo
    Erschienen: October 2016
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    We investigate whether and how social ties affect performance in teams by implementing a field experiment in which a sample of undergraduate students are randomly assigned to either teams composed by friends or teams composed by individuals not... mehr

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    We investigate whether and how social ties affect performance in teams by implementing a field experiment in which a sample of undergraduate students are randomly assigned to either teams composed by friends or teams composed by individuals not linked by friendship relationships. Students undertake an intermediate exam divided into two parts: one graded on the basis of individual performance and the other graded on the basis of the team performance. We find that students assigned to socially connected teams perform significantly better than control students in both the team part and the individual part of the exam, suggesting that social ties are relevant both for solving free-riding problems and for inducing knowledge spillovers among teammates. The positive effect of friendship persists over time: treated students obtain better grades also in a second individual test after the conclusion of the experiment.

     
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    hdl: 10419/147943
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IZA ; no. 10257
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten)
  14. Competition and subsequent risk-taking behaviour
    heterogeneity across gender and outcomes
    Autor*in: Filippin, Antonio; Gioia, Francesca
    Erschienen: May 2017
    Verlag:  IZA, Bonn, Germany

    This paper studies if competition affects subsequent risk-taking behaviour by means of a laboratory experiment that manipulates the degree of competitiveness of the environment under equivalent monetary incentives. We find that competition increases... mehr

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    This paper studies if competition affects subsequent risk-taking behaviour by means of a laboratory experiment that manipulates the degree of competitiveness of the environment under equivalent monetary incentives. We find that competition increases risk aversion, especially for males, but not in a significant manner. When conditioning on the outcome, we find that males become significantly more risk averse after losing the tournament than after randomly earning the same low payoff. In contrast, males do not become more risk-seeking after winning the tournament, while females' average risk-taking behaviour is unaffected by tournament participation and outcomes. We interpret our findings in terms of males' reaction to negative outcomes driven by intrinsic motives, such as emotions or a shift in the locus of control from internal to external.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/170776
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper / IZA ; no. 10792
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten), Illustrationen