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  1. Adjusting labor along the intensive margins
    Autor*in: Biddle, Jeff; Hamermesh, Daniel S.
    Erschienen: July 2024
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    We expand the analysis of cyclical changes in labor demand by decomposing changes along the intensive margin into those in days/week and in hours/day. Using large cross sections of U.S. data, 1985-2018, we observe around ¼ of the adjustment in weekly... mehr

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    We expand the analysis of cyclical changes in labor demand by decomposing changes along the intensive margin into those in days/week and in hours/day. Using large cross sections of U.S. data, 1985-2018, we observe around ¼ of the adjustment in weekly hours occurring through changing days/week. There is no adjustment of days/week in manufacturing; but 1/3 of the adjustment outside manufacturing occurs through days/week. The desirability of bunched leisure implies that secular shifts away from manufacturing have contributed to increasing economic welfare.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 17162
    Schlagworte: days; labor demand; work hours; recessions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten)
  2. Artificial intelligence, automation and work
    Autor*in: Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
    Erschienen: January 4, 2018
    Verlag:  Boston University - Department of Economics, [Boston, MA]

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    Sprache: Englisch
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    Schriftenreihe: [IED working papers] ; 298
    Schlagworte: AI; automation; displacement effect; labor demand; inequality; productivity; tasks; technology; wages
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten)
  3. Artificial intelligence, income distribution and economic growth
    Autor*in: Gries, Thomas; Naudé, Wim
    Erschienen: August 17, 2020
    Verlag:  Verein für Socialpolitik, [Köln]

    The economic impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is studied using a (semi) endogenous growth model with two novel features. First, the task approach from labor economics is reformulated and integrated into a growth model. Second, the standard... mehr

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    The economic impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is studied using a (semi) endogenous growth model with two novel features. First, the task approach from labor economics is reformulated and integrated into a growth model. Second, the standard represen- tative household assumption is rejected, so that aggregate demand restrictions can be introduced. With these novel features it is shown that (i) AI automation can decrease the share of labor income no matter the size of the elasticity of substitution between AI and labor, and (ii) when this elasticity is high, AI will unambiguously reduce aggre- gate demand and slow down GDP growth, even in the face of the positive technology shock that AI entails. If the elasticity of substitution is low, then GDP, productivity and wage growth may however still slow down, because the economy will then fail to benefit from the supply-side driven capacity expansion potential that AI can deliver. The model can thus explain why advanced countries tend to experience, despite much AI hype, the simultaneous existence of rather high employment with stagnating wages, productivity, and GDP.

     
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    hdl: 10419/224623
    Schriftenreihe: Jahrestagung 2020 / Verein für Socialpolitik ; 141
    Schlagworte: Technology; artificial intelligence; productivity; labor demand; income dis-tribution; growth theory
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten)
  4. Automation and new tasks
    how technology displaces and reinstates labor
    Autor*in: Acemoglu, Daron; Restrepo, Pascual
    Erschienen: April 12, 2019
    Verlag:  Boston University - Department of Economics, [Boston, MA]

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    Schriftenreihe: [IED working papers] ; 315
    Schlagworte: automation; displacement effect; labor demand; inequality; productivity; reinstatement effect; tasks; technology; wages
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. Can the agroprocessing sector create jobs in Africa?
    evidence from Ethiopia, Ghana and Tunisia
    Autor*in: Kubik, Zaneta; Tigabu Degu Getahun; Omari, Rose; Zlaoui, Meriem Oueslati
    Erschienen: July 2022
    Verlag:  Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung (ZEF), Center for Development Research, Bonn, Germany

    This paper analyzes the potential of the agroprocessing sector to create jobs in Africa, based on the evidence from Ethiopia, Ghana and Tunisia. The analysis uses both primary qualitative data and secondary quantitative data on formal firms and... mehr

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    This paper analyzes the potential of the agroprocessing sector to create jobs in Africa, based on the evidence from Ethiopia, Ghana and Tunisia. The analysis uses both primary qualitative data and secondary quantitative data on formal firms and workers in the agroprocessing sector and shows how responsive the sector is to the growing consumer demand and how it translates into employment generation. Agroprocessing sectors in Ethiopia, Ghana and Tunisia differ greatly in terms of the size and structure, and, accordingly, the stages of industry lifecycle, from nascent industry in Ethiopia to a relatively mature sector in Tunisia. Also, the type of jobs and their quality differ between the three countries even though they are generally considered to be good jobs compared to other jobs available to the same workers. So far, the potential of the agroprocessing sector remains largely untapped. Formal sector employs between 60 and 80 thousand people in each of the study countries, and the figure is around five times higher if employment in the informal sector is included. As of now, employment in agroprocessing activities accounts for only around 5% of total employment in the food economy. However, over the last two decades, it has grown rapidly. In Ethiopia, Ghana and Tunisia, the agroprocessing sector exhibits high employment elasticities of output, from 0.55 in Ghana and 0.66 in Tunisia to 0.85 in Ethiopia. This suggests that the agroprocessing sector is labor-intensive and presents high employment generation potential, both in absolute terms and compared to other sectors of manufacturing. On the other hand, if agroprocessing firms shift toward more capitalintensive production structures and use more mechanization and automation, the expected employment effects remain ambiguous.

     
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    hdl: 10419/278164
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / zef, Center for Development Research, University of Bonn ; 215
    Schlagworte: agroprocessing; food; beverages; manufacturing; employment; labor demand; inclusiveness
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen
  6. Can the labor demand curve explain job polarization?
    Autor*in: Peichl, Andreas; Popp, Martin
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  CESifo, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute, Munich, Germany

    In recent decades, many industrialized economies have witnessed a pattern of job polarization. While shifts in labor demand, namely routinization or offshoring, constitute conventional explanations for job polarization, there is little research on... mehr

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    In recent decades, many industrialized economies have witnessed a pattern of job polarization. While shifts in labor demand, namely routinization or offshoring, constitute conventional explanations for job polarization, there is little research on whether shifts in labor supply along the labor demand curve may equally result in job polarization. In this study, we assess the impact of labor supply shifts on job polarization. To this end, we determine unconditional wage elasticities of labor demand from a unique estimation of a profit-maximization model on linked employer-employee data from Germany. Unlike standard practice, we explicitly allow for variations in output and find that negative scale effects matter. Both for a skill- and a novel task-based division of the workforce, our elasticity estimates show that supply shifts from immigration and a decline in collective bargaining successfully explain occupational employment patterns during the 1990s.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263729
    Schriftenreihe: CESifo working paper ; no. 9799 (2022)
    Schlagworte: labor demand; job polarization; skills; tasks
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. Can the labor demand curve explain job polarization?
    Autor*in: Peichl, Andreas; Popp, Martin
    Erschienen: June 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    In recent decades, many industrialized economies have witnessed a pattern of job polarization. While shifts in labor demand, namely routinization or offshoring, constitute conventional explanations for job polarization, there is little research on... mehr

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    In recent decades, many industrialized economies have witnessed a pattern of job polarization. While shifts in labor demand, namely routinization or offshoring, constitute conventional explanations for job polarization, there is little research on whether shifts in labor supply along the labor demand curve may equally result in job polarization. In this study, we assess the impact of labor supply shifts on job polarization. To this end, we determine unconditional wage elasticities of labor demand from a unique estimation of a profit-maximization model on linked employer-employee data from Germany. Unlike standard practice, we explicitly allow for variations in output and find that negative scale effects matter. Both for a skill- and a novel task-based division of the workforce, our elasticity estimates show that supply shifts from immigration and a decline in collective bargaining successfully explain occupational employment patterns during the 1990s.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/263577
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15361
    Schlagworte: labor demand; job polarization; skills; tasks
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. Can the labor demand curve explain job polarization?
    Autor*in: Peichl, Andreas; Popp, Martin
    Erschienen: 17. August 2022
    Verlag:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg, Germany

    In recent decades, many industrialized economies have witnessed a pattern of job polarization. While shifts in labor demand, namely routinization or offshoring, constitute conventional explanations for job polarization, there is little research on... mehr

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    In recent decades, many industrialized economies have witnessed a pattern of job polarization. While shifts in labor demand, namely routinization or offshoring, constitute conventional explanations for job polarization, there is little research on whether shifts in labor supply along the labor demand curve may equally result in job polarization. In this study, we assess the impact of labor supply shifts on job polarization. To this end, we determine unconditional wage elasticities of labor demand from a unique estimation of a profit-maximization model on linked employer-employee data from Germany. Unlike standard practice, we explicitly allow for variations in output and find that negative scale effects matter. Both for a skill- and a novel task-based division of the workforce, our elasticity estimates show that supply shifts from immigration and a decline in collective bargaining successfully explain occupational employment patterns during the 1990s. In den letzten Jahrzehnten waren viele Industrieländer durch eine Polarisierung von Arbeitsplätzen gekennzeichnet. Während Verschiebungen der Arbeitsnachfrage, nämlich eine vermehrte Ausübung von Routine-Tätigkeiten sowie die Verlagerung von Arbeitsplätzen ins Ausland, üblicherweise zur Erklärung von Job-Polarisierung herangezogen werden, gibt es nur wenig Evidenz dazu, ob Verschiebungen im Arbeitsangebot entlang der Arbeitsnachfragekurve ebenfalls zu einer Job-Polarisierung geführt haben. In dieser Studie untersuchen wir, inwieweit Verschiebungen des Arbeitsangebots das Phänomen der Job-Polarisierung in Deutschland erklären können. Zu diesem Zweck bestimmen wir unkonditionale Lohnelastizitäten der Arbeitsnachfrage, indem wir zum ersten Mal in der Literatur ein Gewinnmaximierungsmodell mit verknüpften Arbeitgeber-Arbeitnehmer-Daten schätzen. Anders als in bisherigen Studien berücksichtigen wir dabei explizit Produktionsschwankungen und stellen fest, dass negative Skaleneffekte eine große Rolle für Änderungen in der Arbeitsnachfrage spielen. Sowohl für eine Aufteilung der Belegschaft nach Qualifikationsniveaus als auch nach Tätigkeiten zeigen unsere Elastizitäten, dass Angebotsverschiebungen aufgrund von Zuwanderung und eines Rückgangs der Tarifdeckung die Beschäftigungsentwicklung in den 1990er Jahren erfolgreich erklären können.

     
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    hdl: 10419/265676
    Schriftenreihe: IAB-discussion paper ; 2022, 21
    Schlagworte: labor demand; job polarization; skills; tasks
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. China's labor market demand in the shadow of COVID-19
    evidence from an online job board
    Autor*in: Zeng, Xiangquan; Chu, Shuai; Chen, Xuan
    Erschienen: 2022
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    Using data of the largest online job board in China, Zhaopin.com, we examine the impacts of the lockdown policy on the Chinese labor market demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The analyses reveal that the lockdown policy, which... mehr

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    Using data of the largest online job board in China, Zhaopin.com, we examine the impacts of the lockdown policy on the Chinese labor market demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The analyses reveal that the lockdown policy, which was implemented in Wuhan on January 23, 2020, reduced the labor market demand drastically. Specifically, the "Number of Companies" that posted weekly job vacancies, "Number of Positions," and "Number of Employees" to be recruited reduced rapidly by 18.5%, 21.9%, and 30.0%, respectively. Furthermore, this impact of the lockdown policy began to reduce, thus allowing the labor demand to rebound four weeks after the outbreak. The heterogeneity analyses reveal that the industries with high physical proximity and those manufacturing non-essential products/services, as well as small-size firms, were greatly impacted by the policy. No statistical difference was observed between the impacts on the cities that implemented specific control measures and those that did not. This study quantifies the dynamic impacts of China's stringent control measures on the country's labor demand during the pandemic. These findings indicate that the effective management of public health crises in conjunction with economic policies is critical to revitalizing labor markets.

     
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    hdl: 10419/251727
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1074
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; lockdown; job vacancy; online job board; labor demand
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. China's labor market demand in the shadow of COVID-19
    evidence from an online job board
    Autor*in: Zeng, Xiangquan; Chu, Shuai; Chen, Xuan
    Erschienen: March 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    Using data of the largest online job board in China, Zhaopin.com, we examine the impacts of the lockdown policy on the Chinese labor market demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The analyses reveal that the lockdown policy, which... mehr

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    Using data of the largest online job board in China, Zhaopin.com, we examine the impacts of the lockdown policy on the Chinese labor market demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The analyses reveal that the lockdown policy, which was implemented in Wuhan on January 23, 2020, reduced the labor market demand drastically. Specifically, the "Number of Companies" that posted weekly job vacancies, "Number of Positions," and "Number of Employees" to be recruited reduced rapidly by 18.5%, 21.9%, and 30.0%, respectively. Furthermore, this impact of the lockdown policy began to reduce, thus allowing the labor demand to rebound four weeks after the outbreak. The heterogeneity analyses reveal that the industries with high physical proximity and those manufacturing non-essential products/services, as well as small-size firms, were greatly impacted by the policy. No statistical difference was observed between the impacts on the cities that implemented specific control measures and those that did not. This study quantifies the dynamic impacts of China's stringent control measures on the country's labor demand during the pandemic. These findings indicate that the effective management of public health crises in conjunction with economic policies is critical to revitalizing labor markets.

     
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    hdl: 10419/263417
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15201
    Schlagworte: COVID-19; lockdown; job vacancy; online job board; labor demand
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. Contract staggering and unemployment during the great recession
    evidence from Spain
    Autor*in: Díez-Catalán, Luis; Villanueva, Ernesto
    Erschienen: 2014
    Verlag:  Banco de España, Madrid

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    Schriftenreihe: Documentos de trabajo / Banco de España, Eurosistema ; no. 1431
    Schlagworte: collective bargaining; labor demand; aggregate shock; wage rigidity
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Zusammenfassung in spanischer Sprache
  12. Did COVID-19 (permanently) raise the demand for "teleworkable" jobs?
    Autor*in: Bratti, Massimiliano; Brunetti, Irene; Corvasce, Alessandro; Maida, Agata; Ricci, Andrea
    Erschienen: April 2024
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This study leverages detailed administrative data on firms' job flows and variation across Local Labor Markets (LLMs) in the spread of COVID-19 to investigate shifts in labor demand prompted by the pandemic. To this end, we exploit the large spatial... mehr

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    This study leverages detailed administrative data on firms' job flows and variation across Local Labor Markets (LLMs) in the spread of COVID-19 to investigate shifts in labor demand prompted by the pandemic. To this end, we exploit the large spatial variation in the intensity of the pandemic observed in Italy. Namely, we investigate the effect of COVID-19 intensity on the composition of new hires in terms of jobs suitable for "working from home" (WFH), which emerged as a new standard during the pandemic. Our results reveal a significant increase in teleworkable-job hires in LLMs that were more severely hit by the pandemic, primarily driven by permanent contracts. An event study analysis uncovers substantial heterogeneity over time. Indeed, the effect was short-term and lasted only for two semesters after the pandemic's outbreak. Although this shift was transitory, by involving permanent hires, it had persistent effects on the structure of the workforce. An effect-heterogeneity analysis shows that effects were greater on the demand for female and younger workers and hires of larger firms, of service firms, and of those located in Northern Italy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/295929
    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 16906
    Schlagworte: working from home; telework; labor demand; COVID-19; Italy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Did COVID-19 (permanently) raise the demand for "teleworkable" jobs?
    Autor*in: Bratti, Massimiliano; Brunetti, Irene; Corvasce, Alessandro; Maida, Agata; Ricci, Andrea
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Global Labor Organization (GLO), Essen

    This study leverages detailed administrative data on firms' job flows and variation across Local Labor Markets (LLMs) in the spread of COVID-19 to investigate shifts in labor demand prompted by the pandemic. To this end, we exploit the large spatial... mehr

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    This study leverages detailed administrative data on firms' job flows and variation across Local Labor Markets (LLMs) in the spread of COVID-19 to investigate shifts in labor demand prompted by the pandemic. To this end, we exploit the large spatial variation in the intensity of the pandemic observed in Italy. Namely, we investigate the effect of COVID-19 intensity on the composition of new hires in terms of jobs suitable for "working from home" (WFH), which emerged as a new standard during the pandemic. Our results reveal a significant increase in teleworkable-job hires in LLMs that were more severely hit by the pandemic, primarily driven by permanent contracts. An event study analysis uncovers substantial heterogeneity over time. Indeed, the effect was short-term and lasted only for two semesters after the pandemic's outbreak. Although this shift was transitory, by involving permanent hires, it had persistent effects on the structure of the workforce. An effect-heterogeneity analysis shows that effects were greater on the demand for female and younger workers and hires of larger firms, of service firms, and of those located in Northern Italy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/289501
    Schriftenreihe: GLO discussion paper ; no. 1415
    Schlagworte: working from home; telework; labor demand; COVID-19; Italy
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Do labor costs affect companies' demand for labor?
    overtime penalties, payroll taxes, and other labor policies alter costs and change employment and output
    Autor*in: Hamermesh, Daniel S.
    Erschienen: February 2021
    Verlag:  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), Bonn

    Higher labor costs (higher wage rates and employee benefits) make workers better off, but they can reduce companies' profits, the number of jobs, and the hours each person works. The minimum wage, overtime pay, payroll taxes, and hiring subsidies are... mehr

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    Higher labor costs (higher wage rates and employee benefits) make workers better off, but they can reduce companies' profits, the number of jobs, and the hours each person works. The minimum wage, overtime pay, payroll taxes, and hiring subsidies are just a few of the policies that affect labor costs. Policies that increase labor costs can substantially affect both employment and hours, in individual companies as well as in the overall economy.

     
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    hdl: 10419/260670
    Schriftenreihe: IZA world of labor ; 2021, 3v2
    Schlagworte: labor demand; wages; employee benefits
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 11 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. Does ICT affect the demand for vocationally educated workers in Switzerland?
    Autor*in: Pusterla, Filippo; Renold, Ursula
    Erschienen: [November 2020]
    Verlag:  ETH Zürich, Chair of Education Systems, Zurich, Switzerland

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    hdl: 20.500.11850/452743
    Schriftenreihe: CES working paper ; no. 1 (2020)
    Schlagworte: labor demand; skill-biased technical change; job polarization; information and communication technologies; vocational education and training
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Employment effects of foreign direct investment
    new evidence from Central and Eastern European countries
    Autor*in: Jude, Cristina; Pop Silaghi, Monica Ioana
    Erschienen: 2015
    Verlag:  Banque de France, Paris

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    Schriftenreihe: Document de travail / Banque de France ; 553
    Schlagworte: FDI; employment; labor demand; transition countries; dynamic panel
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (35 S.), graph. Darst.
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  17. Estimating vacancy stocks from aggregated data on hires: a methodology to study frictions in the labor market
    Autor*in: Morales, Leonardo Fabio; Dávalos, Eleonora; Zapata, Raquel
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Banco de la Republica Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

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    Schriftenreihe: Borradores de economía ; no. 1228 (2023)
    Schlagworte: Vacancies; labor demand; labor market frictions
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. FDI and onshore employment dynamics
    Autor*in: Koerner, Konstantin; Moritz, Michael; Schäffler, Johannes
    Erschienen: 10 May 2021
    Verlag:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg

    In this paper, we revisit questions about the onshore employment effects of firms that conduct foreign direct investment (FDI) in countries with substantially lower average wages. Our results derive from the use of rich administrative records on the... mehr

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    In this paper, we revisit questions about the onshore employment effects of firms that conduct foreign direct investment (FDI) in countries with substantially lower average wages. Our results derive from the use of rich administrative records on the universe of employees in German multinational enterprises (MNEs) that were active in the Czech Republic in 2010. Compared with former studies, the unique dataset in this study includes a much higher fraction of small and medium-sized firms and leads to strikingly different results for service MNEs. Applying coarsened exact matching for firms and an event-study design, we show that the domestic employment growth of MNEs decreases relative to that of non-MNEs and that the affected workers are those with low or medium educational attainment in the manufacturing sector and with medium or high educational attainment in the service sector. Regarding workers' tasks, our results do not show that FDI affects routine jobs beyond a worker's skill level. Wir analysieren die heimischen Beschäftigungseffekte von Unternehmen mit Niederlassungen in Niedriglohnländern. Essentiell für unsere neuen Ergebnisse ist die Nutzung administrativer Daten zur Population der deutschen multinationalen Unternehmen, die 2010 in der Tschechischen Republik tätig waren. Im Vergleich zu früheren Studien enthält der Datensatz einen sehr viel höheren Anteil kleiner und mittelständischer Unternehmen. Dadurch weichen unsere Ergebnisse insbesondere im Dienstleistungssektor von der bisherigen Literatur ab. Methodisch verwenden wir Coarsened Exact Matching, um sehr ähnliche Unternehmen zu untersuchen, welche sich ausschließlich hinsichtlich ihrer Investitionsentscheidung im Ausland unterscheiden. In einem Event-Study-Ansatz zeigen wir schließlich, dass das inländische Beschäftigungswachstum von multinationalen Unternehmen im Vergleich zu nichtmultinationalen Unternehmen abnimmt und dass im verarbeitenden Gewerbe Beschäftigte mit niedrigem oder mittlerem Bildungsabschluss und im Dienstleistungssektor Beschäftigte mit mittlerem oder hohem Bildungsniveau davon betroffen sind. In Bezug auf die Aufgaben/Tasks der Angestellten ergeben unsere Resultate keine Hinweise auf Auswirkungen von ausländischen Direktinvestitionen auf Routinetätigkeiten, die über das Qualifikationsniveau hinausgehen.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: IAB-discussion paper ; 2021, 9
    Schlagworte: economic integration; foreign direct investment; labor demand; multinational firms; offshoring; skills
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. Hiring frictions and firm growth
    Autor*in: Le Barbanchon, Thomas; Maddalena, Ronchi; Sauvagnat, Julien
    Erschienen: 08 February 2023
    Verlag:  Centre for Economic Policy Research, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Array ; DP17891
    Schlagworte: hiring frictions; labor demand; firm growth; firm performance
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten), Illustrationen
  20. How do firms respond to place-based tax incentives?
    Autor*in: Ku, Hyejin; Schönberg, Uta; Schreiner, Ragnhild C.
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, Department of Economics, University College London, London

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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / CReAM ; CPD 18, 11
    Schlagworte: Payroll taxes; regional tax incentive; firm behavior; labor demand
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. How important are plant and regional characteristics for labor demand?
    plant-level evidence for Germany
    Autor*in: Brixy, Udo; Fuchs, Michaela
    Erschienen: 31st May 2010
    Verlag:  European Regional Science Association, [Louvain-la-Neuve]

    Empirical research on agglomeration and regional economic growth puts high emphasis on the impact of specialization, diversity, and competition on regional employment dynamics (Glaeser et al. 1992, Henderson et al. 1995, Blien et al. 2006, Fuchs... mehr

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    Empirical research on agglomeration and regional economic growth puts high emphasis on the impact of specialization, diversity, and competition on regional employment dynamics (Glaeser et al. 1992, Henderson et al. 1995, Blien et al. 2006, Fuchs 2009). However, Beugelsdijk (2006) and Raspe/van Oort (2008) argue that this relationship should most profoundly hold at the micro or firm level. This paper centres on the labour demand of individual plants and assesses the influence of regional features in direct contrast to plant-specific characteristics as well as conventional labour-demand determinants. Hence, it contributes to the sparse literature on the importance of regional character-istics for firm performance and additionally integrates research from industrial as well as labour economics. The analysis is based on the IAB Establishment Panel, a comprehensive data set on German plants. For the years from 2004 to 2008 it encompasses observations on roughly 8,000 plants. The regional variables are added on the NUTS3-level. First econometric results confirm the basic hypotheses derived from labour-demand theory: wages exert a significantly negative and output a positive influence on the number of employees. Among the plant-specific characteristics, it is mainly plant size, exporting behaviour and R&D / innovation activities that foster employment. There are also distinctive differences regarding the single sectors. Last but not least, the regional environment plays a decisive role for plant-level labour demand. The size of the region the plant is located in, the degree of sectoral concentration as well as of competition within a sector have a positive and highly significant impact. By contrast, accessibility to highways, specialization, and diversity seem to be of minor relevance

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Sustainable regional growth and development in the creative knowledge economy : 50th ERSA Congress : 19 - 23 August 2010, Jönköping, Sweden / European Regional Science Association
    Schlagworte: firms; labor demand; agglomeration externalities; panel data methods
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. How sectoral technical progress and factor substitution shaped Japan's structural transformation?
    Autor*in: Manu, Ana-Simona
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    The paper quantitatively assesses the importance of supply-side drivers in the transition of the Japanese economy from low-skilled to high-skilled sectors and its implication for growth, labor demand and labor income shares. A sectoral supply-side... mehr

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    The paper quantitatively assesses the importance of supply-side drivers in the transition of the Japanese economy from low-skilled to high-skilled sectors and its implication for growth, labor demand and labor income shares. A sectoral supply-side system, estimated over the 1980-2012 period, reveals different rates of technical progress across production factors and sectors, but also heterogeneity in the sectoral elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. The fact that capital and labor are easily substitutable in low-skilled services but not in high-skilled services, coupled with the dominant role of capital-augmenting technical change in services is a key factor behind the relocation of labor towards high-skilled services, as well as behind the declining trend in the labor income share in low-skilled services.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Working paper series / European Central Bank ; no 2641 (February 2022)
    Schlagworte: CES production function; biased technical change; labor demand; labor income share
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Investment tax credits and the response of firms
    Autor*in: Lerche, Adrian
    Erschienen: October 2022
    Verlag:  IZA - Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany

    This paper estimates the direct effects of investment tax credits on firms' production behavior and the additional indirect effects arising from agglomeration economies. Exploiting a change in tax credit rates by firm size in Germany, I find that... mehr

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    This paper estimates the direct effects of investment tax credits on firms' production behavior and the additional indirect effects arising from agglomeration economies. Exploiting a change in tax credit rates by firm size in Germany, I find that manufacturing firms increase capital and employment, with labor demand in information and communication technology-intensive industries shifting towards college-educated workers. Using geolocation data, I show that agglomeration benefits lead to a sizable further firm production expansion with these benefits materializing within distances of 5 kilometers. Worker flows from the service sector and from non-employment, rather than between manufacturing firms, explain the employment effects.

     
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    Schriftenreihe: Discussion paper series / IZA ; no. 15668
    Schlagworte: investment tax incentives; capital; labor demand; agglomeration
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Job polarization and the natural rate of unemployment in the United States
    Autor*in: Tuzemen, Didem
    Erschienen: March 15, 2018
    Verlag:  Federal Research Bank of Kansas City, [Kansas City, Mo.]

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    Schriftenreihe: KcFED research working papers ; RWP 18, 03 (March 2018)
    Schlagworte: natural rate of unemployment; job polarization; labor demand; skills; aging
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  25. Labor demand on a tight leash
    Autor*in: Bossler, Mario; Popp, Martin
    Erschienen: 8. February 2023
    Verlag:  Institute for Employment Research of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg, Germany

    We develop a labor demand model that encompasses pre-match hiring cost arising from tight labor markets. Through the lens of the model, we study the effect of labor market tightness on firms' labor demand by applying novel Bartik instruments to the... mehr

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    We develop a labor demand model that encompasses pre-match hiring cost arising from tight labor markets. Through the lens of the model, we study the effect of labor market tightness on firms' labor demand by applying novel Bartik instruments to the universe of administrative employment data on Germany. In line with theory, the IV results suggest that a 10 percent increase in labor market tightness reduces firms' employment by 0.5 percent. When accounting for search externalities, we find that the individual-firm wage elasticity of labor demand reduces from -0.7 to -0.5 at the aggregate level. For the 2015 minimum wage introduction, the elasticities imply only modest disemployment effects mirroring empirical ex-post evaluations. Moreover, the doubling of tightness between 2012 and 2019 led to a significant slowdown in employment growth by 1.1 million jobs. In diesem Aufsatz stellen wir ein Arbeitsnachfrage-Modell auf, das Einstellungskosten berücksichtigt, die aufgrund eines angespannten Arbeitsmarktes bei der Besetzung offener Stellen anfallen. Darauf aufbauend schätzen wir den Effekt der Arbeitsmarktanspannung auf die betriebliche Arbeitsnachfrage, indem wir neuartige Bartik-Instrumente sowie administrative Beschäftigungsdaten für Deutschland heranziehen. Im Einklang mit der Theorie deuten die IV-Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass ein zehnprozentiger Anstieg der Arbeitsmarktanspannung die betriebliche Beschäftigung um rund 0,5 Prozent reduziert. Außerdem zeigt sich, dass die betriebliche Lohnelastizität der Arbeitsnachfrage durch Einbeziehung von Suchexternalitäten auf der aggregierten Ebene von -0,7 auf -0,5 sinkt. In Bezug auf die Einführung des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns im Jahr 2015 implizieren die Elastizitäten nur geringfügig negative Beschäftigungseffekte, was die Ergebnisse empirischer Ex-Post-Evaluationen widerspiegelt. Darüber hinaus führte die Verdoppelung der Arbeitsmarktanspannung in Deutschland zwischen 2012 und 2019 zu einer Verringerung des Beschäftigungswachstums um rund 1,1 Millionen Arbeitsplätze.

     
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    hdl: 10419/270321
    Schriftenreihe: IAB-discussion paper ; 2023, 02
    Schlagworte: labor demand; labor market tightness; shift-share instrument; minimum wage
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