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  1. Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK
    2019
    Autor*in: Bourquin, Pascale; Cribb, Jonathan; Waters, Tom; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: 19 Jun 2019
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    This report examines how living standards - most commonly measured by households' incomes - have changed for different groups in the UK, and the consequences that these changes have for income inequality and for measures of deprivation and poverty.... mehr

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    This report examines how living standards - most commonly measured by households' incomes - have changed for different groups in the UK, and the consequences that these changes have for income inequality and for measures of deprivation and poverty. In this latest report, we focus in particular on those people who are poorest in society, with two of our three main chapters focusing on poverty.

     
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    Quelle: Verbundkataloge
    Beteiligt: Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781912805273
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/201795
    Übergeordneter Titel: Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R157
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 90 Seiten), Illustrationen
  2. Why has in-work poverty risen in Britain?
    Autor*in: Bourquin, Pascale; Cribb, Jonathan; Waters, Tom; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: 07 Jun 2019
    Verlag:  The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    An increasing proportion of people towards the bottom of the UK's income distribution are in a household where someone is in paid work. Working households comprised 37% of those below the official poverty line in 1994-95 and 58% in 2017-18. Much of... mehr

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    An increasing proportion of people towards the bottom of the UK's income distribution are in a household where someone is in paid work. Working households comprised 37% of those below the official poverty line in 1994-95 and 58% in 2017-18. Much of that increase is due to trends that seem straightforwardly positive: lower poverty rates among pensioners and workless working-age households, and less household worklessness.But about a third of the increase is due to an increase in the rate of poverty in house holds where someone works. We examine the reason for the increased in-work relative poverty rate in Britain over the last 25 years, which has risen by almost 5 percentage points to reach 18% in 2017-18. We identify two reasons why even that rise in the in-work relative poverty rate is partly a reflection of positive trends. First, the catch up of pensioner incomes (driven by higher state and private pensions) has pushed upon median income, and hence the relative poverty line. Second, falls in worklessness have brought relatively low-earning types of households (such as lone parents) into work. We show that increases in household earnings inequality among households with someone in paid work since 1994-95 explain 1.4 percentage points of the rise. The fact that housing costs have risen much more for low income households than for higher income households explains 2.4 percentage points of the rise. Working against this, increases in re-distribution towards low-income working families pushed down relative in-work poverty by 2.1 percentage points. This was due to benefit changes in the early 2000s and between 2007-08 and 2010-11 which acted to reduce relative in-work poverty, though this has been partially reversed by reductions to benefit entitlements since 2010-11.

     
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    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/223256
    Schriftenreihe: IFS working paper ; W19, 12
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten), Illustrationen
  3. Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK
    2021, Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2021 / Jonathan Cribb, Tom Waters, Thomas Wernham, Xiaowei Xu ; copy-edited by Judith Payne
    Autor*in: Cribb, Jonathan; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Thomas; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    This report examines how household incomes were changing in the UK up to the eve of the COVID-19 pandemic, and how other measures of household living standards have changed over the course of the pandemic. In particular, we use the latest official... mehr

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    This report examines how household incomes were changing in the UK up to the eve of the COVID-19 pandemic, and how other measures of household living standards have changed over the course of the pandemic. In particular, we use the latest official data covering years up to 2019-20 to provide a comprehensive picture of UK household incomes before the pandemic hit. We subsequently use more recent data to examine how the pandemic and associated restrictions on economic activity have radically affected the scope for people to earn an income in the labour market, and what the implications of the pandemic have been for measures of household deprivation. We look at how different groups have fared, with a focus on low-income households, both before and during the pandemic.

     
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    Beteiligt: Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781801030465
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/264452
    Übergeordneter Titel: Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R194
    Schlagworte: Armut; Lebensstandard; Einkommensverteilung; Soziale Ungleichheit; Großbritannien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 109 Seiten), Illustrationen
  4. Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK
    2016/2017 to 2021/2022
    Autor*in: Hood, Andrew; Waters, Tom
    Erschienen: [2017]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    Debates over living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK are often hampered by the fact that official data on household incomes are available only with a significant lag. Currently, the latest statistics are for 2014-15. In this report, we... mehr

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    Debates over living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK are often hampered by the fact that official data on household incomes are available only with a significant lag. Currently, the latest statistics are for 2014-15. In this report, we attempt to fill this gap by estimating what has happened to household incomes between 2014-15 and 2016-17 based on other data sources and changes to direct tax and benefit policy. We then estimate how the incomes of different households would evolve up to 2021-22 if current tax and benefit policy plans are kept to and if the macroeconomic forecasts from the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) - for things such as earnings and employment - were correct. We also consider macroeconomic scenarios that are more and less optimistic than the OBR's central forecast.

     
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    Beteiligt: Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
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    ISBN: 9781911102359
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/171992
    Übergeordneter Titel: Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R127
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  5. The IFS green budget
    February 2017
    Autor*in: Adam, Stuart; Amin-Smith, Neil; Beck, Martin; Campbell, Ross; Cribb, Jonathan; Emmerson, Carl; Goodwin, Andrew; Joyce, Robert; Luchinskaya, Daria; Miller, Helen; Norris Keiller, Agnes; Pope, Thomas; Sibieta, Luke; Simpson, Polly; Stoye, George; Sturrock, David; Talavera, Ángel; Waters, Tom; Wheatcroft, Martin
    Erschienen: [2017]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

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    Beteiligt: Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn); Emmerson, Carl (HerausgeberIn); Johnson, Paul (HerausgeberIn); Joyce, Robert (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781911102335
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/171988
    Übergeordneter Titel: The IFS green budget - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report / Institute for Fiscal Studies ; R124
    Schlagworte: Öffentlicher Haushalt; Wirtschaftslage; Großbritannien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 312 Seiten), Illustrationen
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    Enthält 9 Beiträge
  6. The IFS green budget
    October 2020
    Autor*in: Bourquin, Pascale; Davenport, Alex; Emmerson, Carl; Miles, David; Nabarro, Benjamin; Schulz, Christian; Stockton, Isabel; Waters, Tom; Zaranko, Ben
    Erschienen: [2020]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

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    Beteiligt: Farquharson, Christine (HerausgeberIn); Johnson, Paul (HerausgeberIn); Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781801030069
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/235066
    Übergeordneter Titel: The IFS green budget - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report / Institute for Fiscal Studies ; [R180]
    Schlagworte: Öffentlicher Haushalt; Finanzpolitik; Steuerpolitik; Großbritannien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 422 Seiten), Illustrationen
  7. The IFS green budget
    October 2018
    Autor*in: Adam, Stuart; Baker, Arthur; Campbell, Ross; Crawford, Rowena; Cribb, Jonathan; Crossman, Sam; Levell, Peter; Mitchell, Ian; Norris Keiller, Agnes; Pope, Thomas; Schulz, Christian; Simpson, Polly; Tyskerud, Yani; Warwick, Ross; Waters, Tom; Wheatcroft, Martin; Zaranko, Ben
    Erschienen: [2018]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    The IFS Green Budget 2018, in association with Citi, ICAEW and the Nuffield Foundation, is edited by Carl Emmerson, Christine Farquharson and Paul Johnson, and copy-edited by Judith Payne. The report looks at the issues and challenges facing... mehr

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    The IFS Green Budget 2018, in association with Citi, ICAEW and the Nuffield Foundation, is edited by Carl Emmerson, Christine Farquharson and Paul Johnson, and copy-edited by Judith Payne. The report looks at the issues and challenges facing Chancellor Philip Hammond as he prepares for his Budget later in October.

     
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    Beteiligt: Emmerson, Carl (HerausgeberIn, VerfasserIn); Farquharson, Christine (HerausgeberIn); Johnson, Paul (HerausgeberIn); Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781912805129
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/235050
    Übergeordneter Titel: The IFS green budget - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report / Institute for Fiscal Studies ; [R152]
    Schlagworte: Öffentlicher Haushalt; Finanzpolitik; Steuerpolitik; Großbritannien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 344 Seiten), Illustrationen
  8. The IFS green budget
    October 2019
    Autor*in: Adam, Stuart; Atkins, Graham; Cheung, Aron; Crawford, Rowena; Joyce, Robert; Marshall, Joe; Nabarro, Benjamin; Schulz, Christian; Stockton, Isabel; Stroud, Rebekah; Tetlow, Gemma; Waters, Tom; Xu, Xiaowei; Zaranko, Ben
    Erschienen: [2019]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    The IFS Green Budget 2019, in association with Citi and the Nuffield Foundation, is edited by Carl Emmerson, Christine Farquharson and Paul Johnson, and copy-edited by Judith Payne. The report looks at the issues and challenges facing Chancellor... mehr

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    The IFS Green Budget 2019, in association with Citi and the Nuffield Foundation, is edited by Carl Emmerson, Christine Farquharson and Paul Johnson, and copy-edited by Judith Payne. The report looks at the issues and challenges facing Chancellor Sajid Javid as he prepares for his first Budget.

     
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    Beteiligt: Emmerson, Carl (HerausgeberIn, VerfasserIn); Farquharson, Christine (HerausgeberIn); Johnson, Paul (HerausgeberIn); Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Medientyp: Ebook
    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781912805396
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/235052
    Übergeordneter Titel: The IFS green budget - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report / Institute for Fiscal Studies ; [R163]
    Schlagworte: Öffentlicher Haushalt; Finanzpolitik; Steuerpolitik; Großbritannien
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 253 Seiten), Illustrationen
  9. Inequality and the Covid crisis in the United Kingdom
    Autor*in: Blundell, Richard W.; Dias, Mónica Costa; Cribb, Jonathan; Joyce, Robert; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Thomas; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    We review the effects on the Covid-19 pandemic on inequalities in education, the labour market, household living standards, mental health, and wealth in the UK. The pandemic has pushed up inequalities on several dimensions. School closures particular... mehr

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    We review the effects on the Covid-19 pandemic on inequalities in education, the labour market, household living standards, mental health, and wealth in the UK. The pandemic has pushed up inequalities on several dimensions. School closures particular disrupted the learning of poorer children, leading to lower attainment. Mental health worsened for those groups (women and younger adults) who had poorer mental health pre-pandemic. Lockdowns and social distancing particularly reduced the ability of younger, lower-earning, and less educated people to work. However, job-support programmes combined with the expanded welfare system meant that, if anything, disposable income inequality fell. Rising house prices have benefited people in particular around the middle of the wealth distribution. In the longer term, lower work experience for the less educated and missed schooling could push up some inequalities. Increased rates of working from home seem likely to persist which may increase some inequalities and decrease others.

     
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    hdl: 10419/254251
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 22, 01
    Schlagworte: inequality; Covid-19 pandemic; education; living standards; wealth
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten), Illustrationen
  10. The distributional and employment impacts of nationwide minimum wage changes
    Autor*in: Cribb, Jonathan; Giupponi, Giulia; Joyce, Robert; Lindner, Attila; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Thomas; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: [2021]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    We estimate the effect of the introduction of the UK’s National Living Wage in 2016, and increases in it up to 2019, using a new empirical method. We apply a bunching approach to a setting with no geographical variation in minimum wage rates. We... mehr

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    We estimate the effect of the introduction of the UK’s National Living Wage in 2016, and increases in it up to 2019, using a new empirical method. We apply a bunching approach to a setting with no geographical variation in minimum wage rates. We effectively compare employment changes in each part of the wage distribution in low-wage areas to employment changes among similar workers living in higher-wage areas who are less exposed to increases in the national minimum wage because their nominal wages are further above it. We find substantial positive wage effects, including statistically significant spillovers up to around the 20th percentile of wages. Overall we find small negative effects on employment which are not statistically significant. We combine these estimates with a tax and benefit microsimulation model to estimate the impact on household incomes. The largest gains go to the middle of the overall working-age income distribution, though they are more concentrated within the bottom third if we consider only households with someone in paid work. The gains to poorer working households are limited by the withdrawal of means tested benefits as earnings increase. Effects of minimum wages on household incomes are very sensitive to the size of employment effects.

     
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    hdl: 10419/254249
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 21, 48
    Schlagworte: minimum wage; labor demand; income inequality; poverty
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten), Illustrationen
  11. The policy menu for school lunches
    options and tradeoffs in expanding free school meals in England
    Autor*in: Cribb, Jonathan; Farquharson, Christine; McKendrick, Andrew; Waters, Tom; Payne, Judith
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    Of the 8.4 million children in English state schools, 3.4 million are eligible to get a free meal at school each day. Just under 2 million of these children are eligible through the means-tested system, which includes children whose families are... mehr

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    Of the 8.4 million children in English state schools, 3.4 million are eligible to get a free meal at school each day. Just under 2 million of these children are eligible through the means-tested system, which includes children whose families are receiving certain means-tested benefits and on very low incomes. Since 2014, all children in the first three years of primary school - Reception, Year 1 and Year 2 - have been eligible for free school meals. Options to expand free school meals have been frequently discussed. London Mayor Sadiq Khan recently announced that, in 2023-24, all primary-age children in state schools in London will be eligible for a free school meal, expanding eligibility by 270,000 pupils beyond the 550,000 who are already eligible. Other proposals suggest expanding entitlement to free school meals by increasing the earnings threshold for eligibility from the current £7,400 a year (after tax). For example, the National Food Strategy suggested a threshold of £20,000 a year after tax. In this report, we discuss the options and trade-offs in expanding free school meals in England. We focus on several potential reforms that would expand the generosity of the free school meal system, either by increasing the value of free school meals or by expanding eligibility to a wider range of pupils, and set out the costs of these policies, their distributional impacts, and their potential effect on parents' work incentives.

     
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    ISBN: 9781801031318
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    hdl: 10419/282936
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R253
    Schlagworte: Poverty, inequality and social mobility; Taxes and benefits; Benefits; Distributional effects; Government spending; Poverty; Nutrition; Universal credit; Working age benefits
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  12. Scottish budget 2023-24
    further analysis
    Autor*in: Boileau, Bee; Ogden, Kate; Phillips, David; Sibieta, Luke; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Tom
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    The aim of this report, the IFS's first in-depth analysis of the Scottish Government Budget, is to look at some of the key implications for the coming year, and for the longer term. We do not attempt to cover all of the different services that the... mehr

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    The aim of this report, the IFS's first in-depth analysis of the Scottish Government Budget, is to look at some of the key implications for the coming year, and for the longer term. We do not attempt to cover all of the different services that the Scottish Government is responsible for, or all revenue streams, but instead look at those issues most pertinent to current political and public debates. We therefore focus on the overall funding outlook, income tax revenue performance, local government funding, and the distributional effects of tax and benefit reforms.

     
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    Beteiligt: Lumpkin, Rachel (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
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    ISBN: 9781801031257
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    hdl: 10419/282917
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R244
    Schlagworte: Education and skills; Government finances and spending; Taxes and benefits; Scottish Budget 2023-24; Devolved government finances; Tax; Benefits; Education; Income taxes; Property taxes; Government spending; Local government finance; Scottish independence
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten), Illustrationen
  13. Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK
    2022, Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK : 2022 / Jonathan Cribb, Tom Waters, Thomas Wernham, Xiaowei Xu ; copy-edited by Judith Payne
    Autor*in: Cribb, Jonathan; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Thomas; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    This report examines how material living standards - most commonly measured by households' incomes - have changed for different groups in the UK, and the consequences that these changes have for income inequality and for measures of deprivation and... mehr

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    This report examines how material living standards - most commonly measured by households' incomes - have changed for different groups in the UK, and the consequences that these changes have for income inequality and for measures of deprivation and poverty. This is the 22nd annual report published by IFS authors on living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK since the annual reports started in 2001. In this report, we focus on two particular issues. First, we look at how the distribution of household income changed during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, we use pre-pandemic data on child poverty and material deprivation to examine the situation facing poor families with children prior to the pandemic.

     
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    Beteiligt: Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781801030786
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/264467
    Übergeordneter Titel: Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R215
    Schlagworte: Poverty; inequality and social mobility; Savings; pensions and wealth; Poverty; Living standards; Inequality; COVID-19; Wealth
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten), Illustrationen
  14. Employment, earnings and incomes in Scotland
    Autor*in: Phillips, David; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Tom
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    How have employment, earnings and incomes performed in Scotland compared with the rest of the UK? What drives geographic inequalities within Scotland? mehr

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    How have employment, earnings and incomes performed in Scotland compared with the rest of the UK? What drives geographic inequalities within Scotland?

     
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    Beteiligt: Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
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    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781801031431
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/282950
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R268
    Schlagworte: Employment and income; Poverty inequality and social mobility; Benefits; Distributional effects; Employment; Geography; Income taxes; Inequality; Living standards; Poverty; Productivity; Working age benefits; Scotland
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten), Illustrationen
  15. The cost of living crisis
    a pre-Budget briefing
    Autor*in: Cribb, Jonathan; Joyce, Robert; Karjalainen, Heidi; Ray-Chaudhuri, Sam; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Thomas; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    The recent surge in inflation, driven by spectacular increases in energy prices, has driven sharp falls in household living standards, huge government intervention to try to mitigate it, and serious policy headaches. As such it continues to be the... mehr

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    The recent surge in inflation, driven by spectacular increases in energy prices, has driven sharp falls in household living standards, huge government intervention to try to mitigate it, and serious policy headaches. As such it continues to be the backdrop behind many of the most pressing issues that will face Chancellor Hunt when he delivers his first Budget on 15 March. This short report analyses the latest outlook for inflation, how this varies across households and is impacted by the government's interventions on consumer energy prices, and the resulting effects on real earnings and benefit levels.

     
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    Beteiligt: Payne, Judith (HerausgeberIn)
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Format: Online
    ISBN: 9781801031264
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    hdl: 10419/282932
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R245
    Schlagworte: Consumption and prices; Poverty, inequality and social mobility; Spring Budget 2023; Inflation; Inequality; Pay
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten), Illustrationen
  16. Poverty
    Autor*in: Ray-Chaudhuri, Sam; Waters, Tom; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    We investigate recent trends in poverty, and government policies aimed at alleviating it. mehr

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    We investigate recent trends in poverty, and government policies aimed at alleviating it.

     
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    hdl: 10419/282942
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R264
    Schlagworte: Consumption and prices; Employment and income; Poverty, inequality and social mobility; Poverty; Benefits; Consumer behaviour; COVID-19; Living standards; Universal credit; Working age benefits
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten), Illustrationen
  17. Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK
    2023, Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK : 2023 / Sam Ray-Chaudhuri, Tom Waters, Thomas Wernham, Xiaowei Xu ; copy-edited by Judith Payne
    Autor*in: Ray-Chaudhuri, Sam; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Thomas; Xu, Xiaowei
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    We investigate how living standards have changed for different groups in the UK, with a particular focus on the cost of living payments and housing. mehr

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    We investigate how living standards have changed for different groups in the UK, with a particular focus on the cost of living payments and housing.

     
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    ISBN: 9781801031417
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/282944
    Übergeordneter Titel: Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R265
    Schlagworte: Consumption and prices; Employment and income; Poverty, inequality and social mobility; Taxes and benefits; Benefits; Consumer behaviour; COVID-19; Distributional effects; Housing; Inequality; Living standards
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 88 Seiten), Illustrationen
  18. Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK
    2017/2018 to 2021/2022
    Autor*in: Hood, Andrew; Waters, Tom
    Erschienen: [2017]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    Debates over living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK are often hampered by the fact that official data on household incomes are available only with a significant lag. Currently, the latest statistics are for 2015-16. In this report, we... mehr

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    Debates over living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK are often hampered by the fact that official data on household incomes are available only with a significant lag. Currently, the latest statistics are for 2015-16. In this report, we attempt to fill this gap by estimating what has happened since 2015-16 to household incomes and poverty rates. We also look at how they might evolve up to 2021-22 if current tax and benefit policy plans are kept to and if the macroeconomic forecasts from the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) - for things such as earnings and employment - were correct.

     
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    ISBN: 9781911102717
    Weitere Identifier:
    hdl: 10419/201777
    Übergeordneter Titel: Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK - Alle Bände anzeigen
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R136
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten), Illustrationen
  19. The IFS Scottish Budget Report
    2024-2025
    Autor*in: Boileau, Bee; Ogden, Kate; Phillips, David; Ray-Chaudhuri, Sam; Thomas, Madeline; Warner, Max; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Tom
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    The Scottish Government's Budget for 2024-25 takes place at a time of particular uncertainty about the future funding environment. UK government spending plans both for the coming year and for later years seem likely to be topped up, but when and by... mehr

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    The Scottish Government's Budget for 2024-25 takes place at a time of particular uncertainty about the future funding environment. UK government spending plans both for the coming year and for later years seem likely to be topped up, but when and by how much is unclear. The current UK government wants to announce tax cuts before the upcoming general election, but history tells us that we should not be surprised if taxes were to rise post-election. And the performance of Scotland's devolved tax revenues - in particular given recent and planned tax policy changes - is uncertain. Taken together, these factors make the task of planning Scottish tax and spending decisions particularly challenging - an issue discussed in an IFS comment published alongside this report (Phillips, 2024).

     
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  20. Tax and spending in 2024-2025
    Autor*in: Boileau, Bee; Phillips, David; Waters, Tom; Wernham, Tom
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    This chapter of our second annual Budget Report looks at Scottish tax policy and revenue, the overall amount of funding available for Scottish public services, and planned spending on different individual services in the coming financial year,... mehr

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    This chapter of our second annual Budget Report looks at Scottish tax policy and revenue, the overall amount of funding available for Scottish public services, and planned spending on different individual services in the coming financial year, 2024-25. In several important respects, the Scottish Government's 2024-25 Budget represents a continuation of trends seen in recent years. On the tax side, as with the current year, increases to income tax on those on higher incomes are set to raise a modest amount, but much more important have been significant upwards revisions to forecast underlying tax revenues. Combined with (more modest) increases in block grant funding from the UK government, this means that in cash terms, funding for public services in the coming year will be £1.7 billion higher than expected this time last year, and fully £2.6 billion more than expected in the May 2022 Scottish Resource Spending Review. Notwithstanding the recent sharp drop, inflation has still proved higher and more stubborn than expected back in May 2022. This almost fully offsets the boost to cash budgets. In addition, the boosts to spending that have been much highlighted by the Scottish Government again overstate the increase in resources available for public services next year - by ignoring top-ups made to the current year's budgets since the Budget Bill was initially passed.

     
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    hdl: 10419/300354
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R297
    Schlagworte: Government finances and spending; Health and social care; Taxes and benefits; Scottish Budget 2024-25; Devolved government finances; Distributional effects; Government spending; Healthcare; Income taxes; Local government finance; Property taxes; Public finance; Public sector; Tax
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten), Illustrationen
  21. The medium-term outlook and choices
    Autor*in: Boileau, Bee; Phillips, David; Ray-Chaudhuri, Sam; Waters, Tom
    Erschienen: [2024]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, London

    This chapter of our second annual Budget Report looks beyond 2024-25 to the medium-term outlook for the Scottish Government's funding, and the implications of the funding picture for the choices and trade-offs faced when allocating funding between... mehr

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    This chapter of our second annual Budget Report looks beyond 2024-25 to the medium-term outlook for the Scottish Government's funding, and the implications of the funding picture for the choices and trade-offs faced when allocating funding between areas of the budget. The Scottish Government had said it would confront those choices alongside the 2024-25 Budget by publishing an update to 2022's Resource Spending Review. However, with the Deputy First Minister and Finance Minister, Shona Robison, citing the 'turbulent economic environment', a decision has been taken to postpone this until the next set of economic and fiscal forecasts from the Scottish Fiscal Commission (SFC) and the publication of the next Scottish Government Medium-Term Financial Strategy (MTFS), expected in the late spring or early summer. Our analysis, presented below and based on current forecasts for UK government funding and devolved tax revenues, suggests that 2025-26 will see a substantial real-terms increase in Scottish Government resource funding. However, 2026-27 onwards is currently forecast to see much smaller increases in resource funding - that could easily be more than entirely absorbed by the NHS and other priority areas, necessitating cutbacks to many other services. A planned cashterms freeze to capital funding from the UK government, together with Scotland planning to reduce borrowing used for capital purposes (in an attempt to maintain some headroom against its borrowing limits), is set to see capital funding in Scotland fall significantly in real terms over the second half of the 2020s. More funding than is currently pencilled in might be made available by the UK government for both resource and capital purposes, but risks to net revenues from devolved taxes are likely weighed to the downside. The Scottish Government should not bank on significantly more funding becoming available.

     
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    hdl: 10419/300355
    Schriftenreihe: IFS report ; R296
    Schlagworte: Government finances and spending; Health and social care; Taxes and benefits; Scottish Budget 2024-25; Benefits; Devolved government finances; Government spending; Healthcare; Income taxes; Local government finance; Property taxes; Public finance; Public sector; Tax; Working age benefits; Scotland
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten), Illustrationen
  22. Intensive margin labour supply and the dynamic effects of in-work transfers
    Autor*in: Goll, David; Joyce, Robert; Waters, Tom
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    Policy-makers have increasingly turned to ‘in-work transfers’ to boost incomes among poorer workers and strengthen work incentives. One attraction of these is that labour supply elasticities are typically greatest at the extensive margin. Because... mehr

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    Policy-makers have increasingly turned to ‘in-work transfers’ to boost incomes among poorer workers and strengthen work incentives. One attraction of these is that labour supply elasticities are typically greatest at the extensive margin. Because in-work transfers are normally subject to earnings-related phase-outs, they tend to most strongly incentivise part-time work, weakening intensive margin incentives for many. But part-time work may generate relatively little in the way of human capital and career progression. How should these dynamic considerations affect the design of in-work transfers? To assess this we use a dynamic model of female labour supply with endogenous human capital accumulation. Among reforms that would cost the same amount on a no-behavioural-response basis, those that incentivise full-time work can end up costing considerably less than those that incentivise part-time work, once the dynamic responses - including human capital accumulation - are accounted for. They also do more to increase incomes, including among poorer households, and to raise welfare. Our results suggest that in-work transfers could be refined by paying greater attention to the intensive margin effects through the design of their phase-outs.

     
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    hdl: 10419/284229
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 23, 03
    Schlagworte: Life-cycle model; human capital; transfers; labour supply; intensive margin; extensive margin; welfare
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten), Illustrationen
  23. Do work search requirements work?
    evidence from a UK reform targeting single parents
    Autor*in: Codreanu, Mihai; Waters, Tom
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    Proponents of work search requirements for out-of-work welfare claimants argue they are effective in inducing individuals to work and delivering fiscal savings. In this paper, we provide a much more comprehensive assessment than has been available to... mehr

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    Proponents of work search requirements for out-of-work welfare claimants argue they are effective in inducing individuals to work and delivering fiscal savings. In this paper, we provide a much more comprehensive assessment than has been available to date, exploiting a UK reform introducing full-time work search requirements for single out-of-work parents. Using the policy’s staggered roll-out, we show that the reform reduced the number of single parents claiming welfare by a quarter, partly by discouraging eligible individuals from beginning a claim in the first place. However, only about half of the reduction in the number of claimants is explained by higher employment, and almost all of that is in part-time, low paid jobs – the median marginal job pays around the 13th percentile of the UK earnings distribution, so even those that get into work pay little in tax and receive significant (in-work) transfers. Most of the rest of the effect is accounted for by individuals substituting to – more generous – incapacity and disability benefits. As a result, the policy produces fiscal savings indistinguishable from zero. Furthermore, we find negative effects on the mental health of individuals who remained out-of-work, though positive effects for those pushed into work.

     
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    hdl: 10419/284228
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 23, 02
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten), Illustrationen
  24. Firm concentration & job design
    the case of schedule flexible work arrangements
    Autor*in: Adams, Abi; Balgova, Maria; Qian, Matthias; Waters, Tom
    Erschienen: [2023]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    We build a model of job design under monopsony that yields predictions over the relationship between: (i) the amenity value of non-wage job features; (ii) whether they are costly or profitable to firms; (iii) monopsony power. We analyse the amenity... mehr

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    We build a model of job design under monopsony that yields predictions over the relationship between: (i) the amenity value of non-wage job features; (ii) whether they are costly or profitable to firms; (iii) monopsony power. We analyse the amenity value of schedule flexibility offered in the labour market by combining our model’s predictions with a new measure of schedule flexibility, which we construct from job vacancy text using a supervised machine learning approach. We show that the amenity value of schedule flexibility depends crucially on whether it is offered alongside a salaried contract that insures workers from earnings variation.

     
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    hdl: 10419/284240
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 23, 14
    Schlagworte: Arbeitsgestaltung; Arbeitszeitgestaltung; Monopson; Modellierung
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten), Illustrationen
  25. Living standards of working-age disability benefits recipients in the UK
    Autor*in: Cribb, Jonathan; Karjalainen, Heidi; Waters, Tom
    Erschienen: [2022]
    Verlag:  Institute for Fiscal Studies, [London]

    We examine the living standards and health of working-age disabled people and disability benefits recipients over time in the UK. The UK’s disability benefits system (which is non-means-tested and in which receipt is unrelated to work status) has... mehr

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    We examine the living standards and health of working-age disabled people and disability benefits recipients over time in the UK. The UK’s disability benefits system (which is non-means-tested and in which receipt is unrelated to work status) has gone through a significant transformation since 2013 with the gradual replacement of the disability living allowance (DLA) with the personal independence payment (PIP). We establish four key facts. First, 6% of working-age individuals are now on disability benefits, up from 2% in 1992–93. This rise has been driven by claims for mental health and other psychiatric conditions, which are now the main disabling condition for 44% of claimants (27% back in 2002–03). Second, almost half of those in the most materially deprived tenth of the population are disabled, but most of that group do not receive disability benefits. Third, over the period that DLA has been replaced by PIP, a larger fraction of those with the poorest health have started to receive disability benefits, suggesting that the targeting of the benefits has improved on this margin. Fourth, simple event studies examining employment in the years around the reduction of disability benefits (following a government health reassessment) find no change before but a sharp (4 percentage point) rise immediately after loss of benefits, which grows to 10ppts four years after. This is not enough to offset the loss in income on average, and income poverty rises 10ppts in the year following the reduction. Nonetheless, we find limited evidence of claimants’ own assessment of their financial situation changing, suggesting that the benefits are removed at a time when they are less needed.

     
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    hdl: 10419/267955
    Schriftenreihe: Working paper / lnstitute for Fiscal Studies ; 22, 24
    Schlagworte: disability; benefits; welfare; living standards; material deprivation
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten), Illustrationen